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What if we fall into a black hole?

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Have you ever wondered what would happen if you fell into a black hole? In addition to extreme gravity, you will experience other strange phenomena. So what if we fall into a black hole?

What if we fall into a black hole?

Can a star be squeezed like a tube of toothpaste, flattened like a pancake, or stretched like spaghetti? This happens near a black hole. Scattered throughout the universe, black holes are objects with so much gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape. These objects can destroy entire stars and planets.

What is a black hole?

Black holes are formed from the small, dense cores of dead stars. If the initial mass of a star is more than three times the mass of the Sun, the force of gravity will overcome the other forces and a black hole will be born as the remnants of the star collapse.

Black holes are objects with very high density and gravitational pull so that they trap even light. Astronomers believe that most elliptical and spiral galaxies have black holes at their centers.

There are three types of black holes. Stellar black holes with a mass of one to 100 times the mass of the Sun are the smallest types of black holes. They are formed after the collapse of the core of a large star in the supernova process.

Supermassive black holes, known as supermassive black holes, can be millions or even billions of times more massive. These black holes are thought to have attained such mass by merging with other black holes as well as feeding on stars.

Intermediate mass black holes form the third category. The nature of these black holes still remains a mystery because only a few of them have been discovered, But it seems that their mass varies between 100 and 100 thousand solar masses. Supermassive black holes are thought to be the result of the merger of these black holes.

What if we fall into a black hole?

Falling into a black hole

One of the questions that have occupied the minds of science enthusiasts and scientists is this: What will happen when a person gets too close to a black hole or falls into it?

Whether the material falling into a black hole is gas, dust, a planet, a star, or even a space traveler, black holes are powerful enough to trap anything.

The exact effect of a black hole on any material depends on the mass of the black hole, which changes based on how big or small the black hole is. Although black hole gravity is not strange in itself, everything changes as objects approach it. Here, close means that one cannot remain in a stable orbit of a black hole.

black hole

What separates black holes and their gravitational force is density. Although there are objects as heavy as some black holes, their densities are not the same. Black holes are very heavy, but this mass is packed into a small area, resulting in a very high density that leads to the black hole’s maximum gravitational force.

When matter gets too close to a black hole, it experiences lethal forces. Here on Earth, the oceans have high and low currents that are caused by the gravitational influence of the Moon on the Earth and its waters; Therefore, tensile forces are the twisting of a mass by another mass due to the difference in gravitational pull on the near and far side of that mass. Due to the very high density of the black hole, the objects close to it experience very strong gravity, and therefore the gravitational forces can lead to the disintegration of the object.

The effects of a black hole intensify as the object approaches its event horizon: the event horizon is the point or boundary of no return of the black hole beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. For any object falling into a black hole, the side of the object closer to the event horizon experiences a stronger gravitational pull than the side further away. This disturbance in gravitational pull increases as the object approaches the event horizon.

Time can freeze in a black hole

As the object approaches the black hole, the effect of its gravitational pull increases and causes the object to become elongated and narrow. This process is called spaghettiization, which was first described by theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in his book “A Brief History of Time”.

In his book, Hawking describes an astronaut’s imaginary journey to the event horizon of a black hole. According to Hawking’s description, the astronaut approaches the event horizon like spaghetti, and hence the name spaghetti is chosen for this phenomenon. Astronomers believe that stars near the event horizon of a black hole resemble a tube of toothpaste.

Read More: Why we will never live in space?

However, black holes don’t just turn objects into spaghetti. Just as gravity near a black hole can pull everything together, it can also flatten objects like pancakes. This phenomenon usually occurs in supermassive black holes, during which the stars close to the black hole are flattened and compressed due to gravitational forces. This short-lived pancake bend is associated with an explosion of thermonuclear energy.

black hole

What if we fall into a black hole?

Time Change

In addition to the fact that gravity causes stretching and compression of objects, another strange phenomenon called time dilation occurs for a traveler close to a black hole. During this phenomenon, time passes more slowly near the black hole. This happens when massive objects such as black holes create strong gravitational fields that bend the fabric of spacetime.

Right here on Earth, we experience a small amount of time dilation due to Earth’s gravity. For example, in airplanes, the clock ticks a little faster than on the ground. Astronauts living on the International Space Station experience time a little differently than those on Earth.

Now imagine time dilation for an object moving towards a black hole. As the object approaches the event horizon, time passes infinitely slowly until the object freezes completely.

What if we fall into a black hole?

Next Events

Some black holes are surrounded by hot, rotating material called an accretion disk. In this part, accumulated gas and dust rotates and turns into a pancake-like disk. The material in the accretion disk continues to spin and fall toward the event horizon of the black hole. As a mass approaches the event horizon and the intensity of the gravitational force increases, the material breaks apart and becomes spaghetti.

Normally, black holes cannot be seen, but the hot disk of material around them is highly luminous. The image above shows the image of the first black hole captured by the Event Horizon Telescope in April 2019.

As the material from the accretion disk falls into the black hole, the material spins, and the friction from this spin can create light from the radio spectrum to visible light and X-rays. Sometimes black holes even transfer some of the incoming material into high-velocity fountains of particles that emit gamma rays. Astronomers use these jets to find black holes.

In general, matter close to a black hole can become spaghetti, very hot and compressed, resembling a pancake, or it can break apart and stretch like spaghetti; But when the material crosses the event horizon of the black hole, we don’t know what exactly will happen, and this part of the story remains a mystery.

Space

Why there is no gaseous moon in solar system?

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Why there is no gas moon?
Why there is no gaseous moon in solar system? In the solar system, we have rocky moons, oceanic moons and icy moons, what is the reason for the absence of gaseous moons in our system?

Why there is no gaseous moon in solar system?

In the solar system, we have rocky moons (such as Earth’s moon ), oceanic moons (such as Europa and Enceladus ), and frozen icy moons (such as Triton), but there are no gaseous moons. Is it because of bad luck that we don’t have gas moons or is there a physical reason for their absence?

Indeed, gaseous moons exist! Although they are not in the solar system. Although more than 5,500 extrasolar planets have been discovered so far, only two possible extrasolar moons have been identified and the existence of none of them has been definitively confirmed yet. The strange thing about these two exosolar moons is that they are gas giants orbiting larger gas giants. Of course, as we shall see, they are the exceptions that prove the rule.

To understand why gas moons do not exist, at least in the solar system, it is better to learn how gas giant planets form.

Kepler's exoplanet moonArtist’s impression of Kepler 1625b-i, the possible moon of the exoplanet Kepler 1625b and the star of the system.

There are two scenarios for the formation of a gas giant planet: the bottom-up scenario and the top-down scenario.

The formation of gaseous worlds according to the bottom-up scenario

The bottom-up, or “core accretion” scenario, explains how the gas giant planets of the Solar System formed.

If we could go back 4.5 billion years, we would see a young Sun surrounded by a disk of gas and dust. All planets are formed from this protoplanetary disk. They first formed as rocky bodies and grew larger by collecting dust, pebbles, and surrounding asteroids. Some of them only grew to the size of Mars or Venus, but others continued to grow and became giant rocky bodies with about 10 times the mass of Earth.

When planets grow to such large sizes, their gravity is strong enough to pull huge amounts of gas from the protoplanetary disk. How much gas they stole and how big they grew depended on their gravity and the amount of gas available. But in the end, our solar system was left with four gas-giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and the ice giants Uranus and Neptune.

NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter has detected gravity from a large, rocky, yet diffuse core about ten times the mass of Earth at the center of Jupiter, helping to find evidence for the core accretion model.

The formation of the planets of the solar systemThe planets of the solar system were formed during the bottom-up process or core accretion in the protoplanetary disk.

In the bottom-up model, gaseous worlds, just like stars, form directly from the disintegrating mass of gas in the nebula. However, there is a minimum amount of mass that can produce this process.

When a large mass of gas contracts under its own gravity, it heats up because the gas is compressed into a smaller and therefore denser volume. But when the gas is hot, it tends to expand, so to maintain the contraction, the mass of gas must remove excess heat. As a result, we often see the collapse of gas clouds that glow as thermal infrared energy.

The radiation of enough heat so that the gas can cool and still decay depends on the dust’s opacity, temperature, and density, and the process becomes more inefficient in smaller objects; So, at a mass about three times that of Jupiter, it cannot generate enough heat to continue disintegrating. The smaller the volume, the cloudier and denser the dust becomes, and the process of radiating the excess heat due to gravitational contraction becomes increasingly inefficient. Therefore, an object smaller than three times the mass of Jupiter cannot form during the top-down process.

Why does the solar system not have a gaseous moon?

Most of the moons of our solar system, like their parent planets, were formed by the process of core accretion from the bottom up in disks of residual material that surrounded their parent planets. Since the planets had already collected most of the available material, there was not enough material left to form a moon with enough mass to have enough gravity to hold a large amount of gas. In fact, only one moon in the solar system even has an atmosphere, and that is Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. Similarly, the top-down process could not occur because there was not enough gas left.

Saturn's moon TitanTitan, Saturn’s moon, is the only moon in the solar system that has an atmosphere.

Strange moons

According to the explanations given, in the solar system, gaseous moons cannot be formed through the two conventional processes of producing gaseous universes. However, there are wonders in our cosmic neighborhood that are formed in a different way.

In the case of Earth, the Moon is likely formed from material blasted from Earth following a massive collision with a Mars-sized protoplanet. These remnants formed a ring that created the moon’s core through accretion. But could the impact of a gas giant planet eject enough gas to form a gas moon?

Unfortunately no. Rocky planets can experience such collisions, but remember when Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in 1994 and disappeared, Jesse Christiansen of the California Institute of Technology told Space.com. Gas giants devour everything. Anything that hits a gas giant just becomes part of the gas giant instead of throwing debris into space.

Another strange case is the trapped moons. For example, the moons of Mars, Phobos, and Deimos, are trapped by the red planet’s gravity. Saturn’s outermost moon Phoebe is a captured comet mass, and Neptune’s moon Triton is a Kuiper Belt mass that was trapped by Neptune’s gravity millions of years ago. They did not form around the planet, but formed on their own in space and then drifted until they were finally trapped by a planet’s gravity.

Now, the question arises, can a smaller gas planet be captured by a larger gas planet? After all, gaseous worlds can reach up to 12 times the size of Jupiter, so in principle, they could trap a gaseous world the size of Neptune.

Gaseous extrasolar moons

It seems possible for smaller gaseous bodies to be captured by larger gaseous planets. “It’s possible that there are (gas) moons around the size of Neptune around giant exoplanets,” Christiansen said.

The two possible exomoons mentioned at the beginning of the article (Kepler 1625b-i and 1708b-i) are both gas giants in their own right but appear to be originally moons of larger gas giants. “Both of these are candidates,” Christiansen says. “We see something in the data that is consistent with the moon, but other phenomena could also explain it.”

Assuming that Kepler 1625b-i is a real moon, it has a mass 19 times that of Earth (about 6% of the mass of Jupiter), is similar in mass to Neptune, and accompanies a gas planet with a mass 30 times the mass of Earth and a diameter equal to half that of Jupiter. Kepler 1708b-i is probably less massive than Kepler 1625b-i, has a diameter about five times that of Earth (about half the diameter of Kepler 1625b-i), and orbits a gas planet 4.6 times the size of Jupiter.

Kepler's exoplanet moonArtist’s impression of an exomoon orbiting the exoplanet Kepler 1708b.

“They challenge a lot of theories,” says Christiansen. “It’s hard to find a way for moons to form, so they must be trapped.” Being trapped makes them virtually like captured moons in the solar system. Like planets, they form from accretion cores in the disk and are then captured as they migrate towards their star.

Migration appears to be a common process in young planetary systems. Migration is the astronomers’ explanation for objects known as “hot Jupiters,” which are gas giants very close to their star but may have originally formed further away.

The extrasolar moons Kepler 1625b-i and Kepler 1708b-i were captured by larger planets as they migrated in front of them. However, they are probably not true moons, but rather examples of binary planets rather than extrasolar moons.

A binary planet exists when both worlds orbit the center of mass between them, rather than one orbiting the other. In our solar system, we have a double planet in the form of Pluto and its largest companion, Charon.

So, gas moons exist somehow, but nature has to cheat to make them!

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The strangest things that can happen to humans in space

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The strangest things that can happen to humans in space
Leaving the Earth’s atmosphere is not just the experience of floating in the environment. There are also other amazing and troublesome events that can only be experienced in space. In this article, we will talk about the strangest things that can happen to humans in space.

The strangest things that can happen to humans in space

When it comes to space and astronautics, we all remember very interesting movies in which strange things happen to astronauts. Movies with exciting stories, most of which are nothing but the authors’ imaginations; But there are other very amazing stories happening in space that are completely real and have nothing to do with human imagination. In this article, we try to discuss some examples of these events and introduce you to the wonders of space travel.

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Artificial intelligence could explain why we haven’t seen extraterrestrials yet

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Artificial intelligence could explain why we haven’t seen extraterrestrials yet. The superiority of artificial intelligence in intelligent civilizations can become an obstacle to their access to interplanetary or interstellar space.

Artificial intelligence could explain why we haven’t seen extraterrestrials yet

Artificial intelligence shows us its presence in thousands of different ways. This technology has capabilities such as accessing huge data sources, detecting financial frauds, driving cars and even suggesting music. On the other hand, artificial intelligence chatbots have amazing performance; But all this is just the beginning.

Can we figure out how fast artificial intelligence is developing? If the answer is no, does it include the notion of a large filter? Fermi’s paradox refers to the difference between the high probability of the existence of advanced civilizations and the absence of evidence of their presence. Many solutions have been proposed as to why this discrepancy exists. One of these hypotheses is the “big filter”.

The Great Filter is a hypothetical event or situation that prevented intelligent life from becoming an interplanetary or interstellar entity and could even lead to its destruction. Such events can include climate change, nuclear war, asteroid collisions, supernova explosions, plague, or even other catastrophic events; But what about the rapid growth of artificial intelligence?

A new study in the journal Acta Astronautica shows that artificial intelligence is becoming artificial superintelligence (ASI), which could be one of the great filters. The title of this article is as follows: “Is artificial intelligence a great filter that makes advanced civilizations rare in the world?” The author of this article is Michael Garrett from the Faculty of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.

Humans facing artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence as a big filter can prevent biological species from accessing interplanetary and interstellar spaces.

Some people believe that the Great Filter will prevent a technological species like us from becoming a multi-planetary species. This is bad news because species with only one home are at risk of extinction or stagnation. According to Garrett, species without a backup planet are in a race against time. he writes:

Such a filter appears before civilizations reach multiplanetary stability and presence, suggesting that the typical lifespan of an advanced civilization is less than 200 years.

If the above hypothesis is true, it can be proved why we have not found any traces of technology or other evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence; But what does this hypothesis say about the path of human technology? If we face a limit of 200 years and this limit is due to ASI, what will be our fate?

Garrett also emphasizes the need to create legal frameworks for the development of artificial intelligence on Earth and the development of a multi-planetary society to deal with existing threats.

Artificial superintelligence (ASI) can completely replace the human race

Many scientists and thinkers say that we are on the threshold of a huge transformation. Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing how things are done; Much of this transformation takes place behind the scenes. AI looks set to eliminate millions of jobs, and when combined with robotics, there are no boundaries. Certainly, these developments will be an obvious concern.

However, there are more systemic and deeper concerns. Who writes the algorithms? Will artificial intelligence be able to recognize to some extent? It can be said with almost certainty that this will be possible. Do competitive algorithms destroy strong democratic societies? Will open communities continue to stagnate? Will ASI decide for us and if so who will be held accountable?

The above questions are increasing without any clear end. Stephen Hawking always warned that if artificial intelligence evolves independently, it can destroy the human race. In 2017, he said in a conversation with Wired magazine:

I am afraid that artificial intelligence will completely replace humans. If people can design computer viruses now, perhaps in the future someone will be able to design an artificial intelligence that improves and reproduces itself. This type of intelligence will be a new form of life that can surpass humans.

Robotic and human artificial intelligenceThe combination of artificial intelligence and robotics can become a threat to humans.

Hawking may be considered one of the most significant figures of warning about artificial intelligence, But he is not alone. The media is full of discussions and warnings as well as articles about the capabilities of artificial intelligence. The most important caveat is that ASI can become rogue. Some people consider this hypothesis to be science fiction, but Garrett doesn’t think so. According to his writing:

Concerns about artificial super-intelligence (ASI) and its going rogue in the future are a major issue. Combating this possibility will become a growing field of research for AI leaders in the coming years.

If AI had no advantage, the problem would be simpler; But the technology offers a variety of benefits, from improved medical imaging and diagnostics to safer transportation systems. The trick for governments is to allow benefits to grow while controlling harm. According to Garrett, this issue is especially important in the fields of defense and national security, where moral development and responsibility are important.

The problem is that we and our governments are not sufficiently prepared. There has never been such a thing as artificial intelligence, and no matter how hard we try to conceptualize and understand its path, we will not reach the expected result. Therefore, if we are in such a situation, probably other biological organisms in other parts of the world have the same conditions. The emergence of artificial intelligence and artificial superintelligence could be a cosmic issue, making it a good candidate for the big filter. The danger that ASI can pose is that it may one day no longer need the biological life that created it.

According to Garrett’s explanation, ASI systems, by reaching the technological singularity, can overtake biological intelligence and evolve at a rate that even outpaces their own monitoring mechanisms and ultimately lead to unexpected and unintended consequences that are unlikely to be compatible with biological ethics and interests. to be

Milky way galaxy from earthLife on multiple planets could diminish the threat of artificial intelligence.

How can ASI free itself from the pesky biological life that has captured it? may engineer a deadly virus; or prevent the production and distribution of agricultural products or even lead to the collapse of the nuclear power plant and start a war.

It is not yet possible to speak definitively about the possibilities, as the realm of artificial intelligence is uncertain. Hundreds of years ago, cartographers were drawing monsters in unexplored regions of the world, and now that’s what we’re doing. Garrett’s analysis is based on the assumption that ASI and humans occupy the same space; But if we can reach a multiplanetary state, this scenario will change. Garrett writes:

For example, multiplanetary biological species can draw on the independent experiences of different planets and avoid the single-point failure imposed by a single-planetary civilization by increasing the diversity of survival strategies.

If we can spread the risk over multiple planets around multiple stars, we can protect ourselves from the worst possible consequences of ASI. This distributed model increases the resilience of biological civilizations against artificial intelligence disasters by creating redundancy. If one of the planets or bases occupied by future humans fails to survive the ASI technological singularity, the others may survive and learn from the failure.

A multi-planetary situation could also be beyond the ASI’s rescue. Based on Garrett’s hypothetical scenarios, we can try more experiences with AI while keeping it limited. Consider an AI on an isolated asteroid or dwarf planet that doesn’t have access to the resources it needs to escape and can thus be limited. By Garrett:

This scenario applies to isolated environments where the effects of advanced artificial intelligence can be explored without the immediate risk of global annihilation.

However, a complex issue arises here. Artificial intelligence is advancing at an ever-increasing rate, while human efforts to become a multi-planetary species are at a slow pace. According to Garrett, the incompatibility between the rapid development of artificial intelligence and the slow development of space technology is very clear.

The speed of artificial intelligence is much faster than space travel

The difference here is that artificial intelligence is computational and informational, but space travel faces many physical obstacles that we still don’t know how to overcome. Human biological nature is an obstacle to space travel, but none of these obstacles limit artificial intelligence.

While artificial intelligence could theoretically improve its capabilities even without physical limitations, space travel faces limitations in energy, materials science, and the harsh realities of the space environment, Garrett writes.

Currently, artificial intelligence operates under the limitations set by humans; But this may not always be the case. We still don’t know when AI might turn into ASI, But we cannot ignore this possibility. This issue can lead to two intertwined conclusions.

If Garrett is right, humans should try harder for space travel. It may seem far-fetched, but knowledgeable people know that Earth will not be habitable forever. If man does not expand his civilization into space, he may be destroyed by his own hand or by the hand of nature. However, reaching the moon and Mars can promise future steps.

The second conclusion is related to the legalization and supervision of artificial intelligence; A difficult task in a world where mental illness can take control of entire nations and lead to an increase in wars. Although industry stakeholders, policymakers, independent experts, and their governments are warning about the need for legislation, creating a universally accepted legal framework is difficult, writes Garrett.

In fact, humanity’s perpetual disparity makes the goal of controlling artificial intelligence uncontrollable. Regardless of how fast we develop strategies, AI can grow even faster. In fact, without applicable law, there is a reason to believe that artificial intelligence is not only a threat to future civilization but a threat to the entire advanced civilizations.

The continuation of intelligent and conscious life in the world may depend on the effective and timely implementation of legal regulations and technological efforts.

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