Space
Space and its secrets: 50 secrets about space
Space is made of trillions of different objects that exist in billions of galaxies. Even thinking about this is incomprehensible and amazing for humans. Because these objects have great wonders, things that even humans have never heard of, and they find them interesting, but they are amazing facts that are being discovered more and more every day than yesterday. And in this article we will mention 50 secrets about space:
Space and its secrets: 50 secrets about space
1- Silence:
The first secret among 50 secrets about space is silence. There is silence in the space and there is no sound. Because there is no medium or way for sound to be heard in space. Astronauts who intend to communicate with their destination. They use radios to communicate in space to create sound. These radios are designed in such a way that they are able to exchange radio waves in space, i.e. send and receive.
2- A planet with a temperature of 450 centigrade:
In the solar system, the planet Venus can be considered the hottest planet with a temperature of 450 centigrade. Although Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun in the solar system, the temperature of Mercury is lower than that of Venus, and Venus is known as the hottest planet. Because there is no atmosphere on the planet Mercury this causes the air temperature to fluctuate and not reach its highest temperature.
3- The possibility of living on Mars:
In the solar system, the only planet that has provided the possibility of human life, except the planet Earth, is the planet Mars. In fact, it can be said that Mars is more hospitable to human life than the rest of the planet except Earth. This argument can be seen as the result of NASA’s discovery in 1986. This organization discovered fossils in the rocks of the planet Mars that showed the life of microscopic organisms on Mars. And it can be seen as the beginning of human life on this planet.
4- Unlimited stars:
No one has ever been able to discover how many stars there are in space. The vastness of the space is like this. This prediction is impossible. The highest discovery of the world’s astronomers about the stars in the area of the Milky Way galaxy has been made alone. According to these astronomers, there are between 200 and 400 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy. which is still considered as an estimate only. Considering that the Milky Way is only one galaxy out of billions of galaxies in space. It can be concluded that it is definitely impossible to measure the stars in the world.
5- Holly 2061
Halley’s Comet can be seen as Edmund Halley’s discovery in 1705, which was named after him because of his special discovery. This trail passes the earth once every 75 or 76 years. and is able to be seen. According to statistics, this ghost was last seen in 1986. And the next series that Holly will be able to see is estimated in 2061.
50 secrets about space
6- 12 million dollar dress:
In the NASA organization, the cost of a complete astronaut suit, which includes a backpack and controls, is estimated to be 12 million dollars, and it is said that 70 percent of this cost is spent on the organization of the backpack and controls in this suit.
7- Neutron stars:
The next secret among 50 secrets about space is neutron stars. Neutron stars can rotate 600 times per second. These stars can be considered the densest and narrowest stars in the entire space known so far. These stars have a radius of ten kilometers. But the mass hidden in these ten kilometers is equal to the mass of the sun. The reason for the high rotation of this star is the explosion of the supernova star after birth, which causes different physical reasons in these stars and makes their rotation to 600 to 712 times per second.
8- Diamond planet:
There is a planet in space that is made of diamonds. This planet is a very surprising discovery. This discovery was made by Yale University scientists. It is said according to this research. that there is a rock-shaped planet made of graphite and diamond. which has a radius almost twice the radius of the earth and its mass is about eight times the mass of the earth. This planet has a diamond surface and is 40 light years away from Earth. It is true that this distance is very long, but in the Cancer constellation, this planet can be seen with the eyes.
Read More: 25 Facts About Space That Will Amaze You
9- Persistence per month:
On the moon, food can remain intact for a hundred million years. Not only food but even footprints remain on the moon for a very long time. It can be said that the reason for this persistence on the moon is the absence of atmosphere and water. For example, we can say that there is no wind to destroy the surfaces on the moon. Or there is no water to destroy even the footprints on the moon.
This is the reason that the footprints of astronauts and discarded materials will remain on this planet for millions of years and will not disappear.
10- One day is equivalent to one year:
Spending a day on the planet Venus is equal to spending a year on the planet Earth. This planet has a very slow axis of rotation, which roughly takes about 243 days equivalent to Earth. But when Venus is near the Sun. The number of days it takes for the earth to complete one full day can be considered as 225 days.
50 secrets about space
11- Merging two galaxies together:
There is a very strange truth and that is this. In about 3.75 billion years, two galaxies, the Milky Way and Andromeda, will merge with each other. Because the Andromeda galaxy is moving towards the Milky Way at a speed of 110 km per second. And it is roughly said that it will reach the solar system in about 3.75 billion years. and will be merged with it. A very large and giant elliptical galaxy will be made from the merger of these two galaxies.
12- Existence of water in space:
There is a large source of water in space, this statement is taken from the discovery of astronomers, that is, a huge cloud of water, which is said to be about 140 trillion times the amount of water in the oceans of the planet. This source of water is about 10 billion light years away from the Earth. In fact, this source of water can be the largest water discovery that has been known to date.
13-965 km wide of a dwarf planet:
A large asteroid can be considered the first known dwarf planet, that is, the asteroid Ceres. This asteroid is the largest object discovered by an Italian astronomer. It is said according to the research done. This asteroid is 965 km wide and is located in the belt between Mars and Jupiter. And it has the ability to form 33% of the belt.
14- The moon is a piece of the earth:
Scientists say that the moon may have been a piece of the earth. Based on this statement, when the earth was very young, it was hit by a giant object. This impact caused the piece to be separated from the ground. And due to the earth’s gravitational pulls, it starts to rotate in the orbit around it. and form the phenomenon that we call the moon.
15- Black holes:
Black holes can be considered an integral part of space. When a large star explodes in a region with high gravity and disappears, it causes a black hole. This dungeon is capable of swallowing everything, even light. Because this dungeon is a part of space where time has no meaning and matter is compressed in an amazing way.
The most interesting thing about dungeons is that no one can see them. Humans did this experiment with any telescope, light, or ray-like X-ray, but they were not able to see it. They have only been able to find out how it works.
50 secrets about space
16 – Empty area in space:
There are many strange things in space. Some of these wonders have many contradictions, for example, unlike black holes, which create very large holes in space. There is a part of space that is empty, meaning there is no light and no matter.
This empty space in space is able to pass light through itself. But the darkest part of space and the largest part of space are known. This part of space, which has an empty area, is approximately 1.3 billion light years in diameter. This means that it is the largest part of the space known at the moment.
Scientists believe that this empty space has a special energy called dark energy.
17 – Dark matter:
The biggest secret in space can be considered dark matter. This moon has helped scientists to identify some unknown objects in space. and be able to describe them. This substance is approximately 27% of the space. This substance is very unknown and scientists have not been able to get much information from it until today. Only the main features such as this material is not made of black holes have been determined. Of course, scientists believe that this material may be made from the first black holes in the world.
18 – Dark energy
Space can be considered to be composed of 27% dark matter, 68% dark energy, and about 5% normal matter. Dark energy is also very difficult to understand and discover information from it. And scientists have not been able to discover much information about it until today.
There are only hypotheses that state. This energy causes the universe to expand. And dark matter is considered exactly the opposite and they say that dark matter slows down this expansion. According to these hypotheses, dark energy can be considered the cosmic microwave background, which was created by thermal radiation after the Big Bang, that is, the big explosion.
19 – absorbent
The next secret among 50 secrets about space is absorbent. At a distance of 220 million light years from the Earth, there is an absorber that is able to attract the Earth towards itself. This absorber attracts us with a very high speed of 2.25 million kilometers per hour.
It is true that the universe grew a lot after the Big Bang and is moving. But the movement that the universe makes towards this absorber has a very specific direction, that is, towards the absorber. This absorbent is luminous due to its very high absorption power.
20- A new moon on the planet Saturn
The year 2013 can be considered the year of the formation of a new moon for the planet Venus, which was discovered by NASA. According to NASA, in 2013, a picture of the planet Venus was taken that showed a disturbance in the rings. It means that a new and small moon has been added to its rings, of course, NASA research in the same year also discovered how the rings of Venus were formed.
But NASA could not get enough information about this new moon and only said that this moon will not get bigger than it is and the possibility of this moon being separated from Venus is very high. From that year until today, scientists are still researching the state of this moon. But everything is still unclear.
50 secrets about space
21 – KAC star
This star is very famous and has a lasting name It is located at a distance of about 1500 light years from us. But the very strange thing about this star is that there is a very large object in front of this star that absorbs the light of this star and takes its energy by surrounding it.
This object is so big that it can block 20% of the light. If the planet Jupiter, which is considered the largest planet in the solar system, is only able to block one percent of the light of this planet.
Scientists consider this object to be a cluster of Dyson, although this object is smaller than the very large Dyson sphere. But until the new James Webb telescope is designed, we cannot say more about it.
22 – Moons
In the solar system, there are planets or moons. Or they don’t have moons, but in general, it can be said that in the solar system, all the planets except Mercury and Venus have moons. Of course, other planets like Earth do not have only one moon, but some planets have many moons. So the total number of moons in the solar system reaches 176 confirmed moons today.
These moons have very different sizes and some of them are even bigger than the planet Mercury itself, which is a planet without moons.
23 – Destruction of the stars:
When a star in space is closer to the black hole than a certain amount, the star will be destroyed without any time interval. And it disappears. It means that it will be broken into pieces. This statement is based on the research of a group of astronomers on a star in the center of the galaxy, which was rotating around a galaxy for a period of 20 years, and in each rotation, it is getting closer and closer to the black hole. When this star reaches a certain distance from the dungeon, it will be destroyed and destroyed by an instant explosion.
24- The hottest planet in the solar system:
Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, but Venus can be considered the hottest planet on Earth. Because this planet is made up of many gases that cause a greenhouse effect in this planet. Considering this issue, it can be said that the temperature on this planet is increasing day by day until it has reached 462 degrees Celsius today. It is known as the hottest planet in the solar system.
25-4.5 billion years of life
The solar system, in which the Earth, Sun, Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter, etc. is located, is about 4.571 billion years old. According to scientists, this system will undergo extensive changes in about 7.5 billion years, more precisely, it can be said that in this system, the sun becomes so big that it swallows and destroys the earth.
50 secrets about space
26 – Enceladus
One of Saturn’s moons is called Enlaceados, which has the ability to reflect 90% of the sunlight. In fact, it can be said that this moon reflects most of the sunlight and absorbs a small amount of it because it is covered with ice. For this reason, the temperature on this moon is very low something like minus 201 degrees Celsius.
27 – Mount Elambos:
Mount Elambos can be considered the highest mountain discovered in the world so far, it is located on the planet Mars. This mountain has a height of about 25 km. In fact, it can be said that the height of this mountain is approximately three times the height of Mount Everest on the planet Earth.
28 – Galaxy M51:
Galaxy M51 can be mentioned as the first celestial object that was discovered. This galaxy has very large spiral arms. These arms can be seen as consisting of stars, gas, and dust collected in a large line.
In fact, these arms act as a factory for the production of stars in the galaxy. This means that this galaxy compresses the hydrogen gas to such an extent that it is able to create a new star.
29- Light years:
In space, long distances are measured with light years. Light years are the distance that light can travel in space in one year. This value can be changed in different spaces. But where light can easily pass through. In a second, light moves at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per hour. According to this size, one light year can be considered as something around 9500000000000 km.
30 – The size of the Milky Way galaxy
The size of the Milky Way galaxy according to light years can be considered as something around 105,700 light years, that is, if a spaceship intends to travel to the center of the galaxy. It takes about 450000000 years for this spaceship to succeed and reach its destination.
50 secrets about space
31 – The weight of the sun
The weight of the sun is very high so that if it is compared to the earth. This weight will be about 33 times the weight of the earth. In fact, when we compare the sun with the earth, it is clear that the diameter of the sun is about 109 times the diameter of the earth. The size of the sun is such that it seems to have the ability to fit 1,300,000 globes.
This is the reason why scientists consider the sun to be very gigantic and huge and consider that the sun covers about 99.85% of the solar system.
32 – The moon and the wind
When we walk on the earth we can feel the wind but if we walk on the surface of the moon we don’t feel the wind because there is no wind on the moon. This is why a human steps on the surface of the moon and walks. His footprints remain for millions of years and do not disappear because there is no wind to destroy his footprints.
33-100-38
The law of 100/38 is closed between Earth and Mars. This law is based on the fact that the gravity on Earth is much higher than on Mars, that’s why if a person weighs 100 kg on Earth. And this man will step on the planet Mars. The weight is measured at 38 kg. Because Mars has less gravity.
This is the reason why scientists take samples from Mars when building robots that plan to travel to Mars. They plan so that these robots have the ability to carry these loads on the ground and can bear their weight on the ground.
34 – Jupiter and 79 moons
In the solar system, each planet has its own number of moons. Some planets do not have moons. For example, Earth has a moon. And Jupiter has 79 moons. which is known as the planet that has the largest number of moons in the solar system. Also, this planet has another feature, which is that Jupiter has the largest moon in the space of the solar system, the moon Ganymede. This moon has an approximate diameter of 262.5 km, which is known to be larger than the planet Mercury.
In fact, it can be said that this moon is so big that you don’t need any great equipment to see it, but it can be seen with a very simple telescope.
35- A day on Mars:
On planet Earth, one day is considered 24 hours, but of course, in different places of the planet, for example, in the North Pole, this hour may be slightly different. But on the planet Mars, every day lasts 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds. This value is very close to the planet Earth and is about 40 minutes away from it.
But the main difference between this planet in time and the planet Earth is that this planet spends about twice as much as one year on Earth every year. It means that spending a full year on Mars takes about 687 days, but on Earth, it takes about 365 days.
The reason for this can be said that the planet Mars is further away from the surface of the sun than the planet Earth, and due to its large orbit, it moves around the sun more slowly than the Earth.
50 secrets about space
36 – Moon and water:
For the first time, a satellite belonging to NASA could find evidence of water on the surface of the moon. If there is no water on the moon.
After their research, scientists hypothesized that this water is from the ice that is in the moon’s pole in a stationary form in the lower layer of the moon’s surface. has been created But there is no proof of this yet.
37 – Rotation of the sun:
The sun rotates around itself once every 25 days or once every 36 days. When the earth revolves around the sun, the time of one day is taken, but when the sun itself wants to go around itself, it takes 25 to 36 days.
38 – Naming the land
All the planets in the universe are named after the gods. But the earth can be considered the only planet whose name is not derived from the name of the gods. In fact, it can be said that no one knows how this planet was named. The only thing that is available about the name of this planet is that the name of this planet, the Earth, is made from two very old words, English and German.
39 – Tides
On the planet Earth, except for the movement that occurs in the waters, it can be considered to be caused by the gravitational force of the moon. This force works in such a way that the earth and water tend to move towards the moon. and have the ability to create large tidal currents.
40- Planet Pluto and America:
The strangest thing about the planet Pluto is its small size. In fact, it can be said that this planet is so small that it can be considered even smaller than America. This word is derived from an experiment conducted in this field. In this experiment, the equator line on the planet Pluto is considered as a way if someone wants to walk on this line or bypass this fur. This is equal to the distance from London in England to Denver in America.
50 secrets about space
41 – White holes:
The white hole in space can be considered a hypothetical region that is located between space and time. This white hole works in such a way that no person can pass through it. It means that nothing can enter it from outside. Except for materials and light that have the ability to escape from it and may also have the ability to return to it. In fact, this phenomenon, i.e. white hole, can be considered as something exactly opposite of black hole. which has the ability to enter matter and light, but nothing, not even light, has had the ability to escape from it until today.
42 – Planet without rotation:
There is a planet in space. which does not revolve around any star and does not have a specific orbit. This planet is about several times the size of Jupiter. It was discovered in 2012 and named Rogue. Scientists believe that this planet could be a part of the star. which was separated from its system in a collision and thrown to the other side.
However, others believe that this planet is a type of dwarf star whose center was not heated enough during its formation to be able to perform the fusion process in its core. In fact, it can be said that there is such a situation. When there is not enough concentration and fusion. The star formation process cannot be completed. And if it remains incomplete, it turns into other objects.
43-1.5 billion years of life:
The life of the sun is very long, so it can be said that until today, the sun has spent only half of its life. And it can be considered to be on the verge of old age. In fact, it can be said that the sun is at the beginning of its life. It had more than 70% hydrogen in it. But until today, this amount of hydrogen has been reduced by half, about 35%.
In fact, it can be said that the Sun will survive until this amount of hydrogen runs out, and scientists have estimated this amount to be around 4.5 billion years. According to the given hypotheses and research, it is said that the Earth got its life from the sun. This research states that when the sun was at its hottest, it caused the water on the planet to evaporate.
These waters have entered the atmosphere after evaporation. And then they created the earth’s atmosphere. The water of the oceans has risen on the surface of the earth and is connected to each other. In such a way that the earth at that time can be considered as a sphere derived from the blue surface. After 1.5 billion years later, the first biological species was able to emerge underwater and start life on Earth. This species evolved over time and after the earth was able to have land in it. He came to land and continued his life on land.
44- Presence of alcohol in space:
There is a star in space that was surrounded by methanol gas during its formation. This star was discovered in 2006 by a radio telescope in England. According to this discovery, it was found that alcohol exists not only on Earth but also in space.
45- The longest day and night:
Venus can be considered the planet that has the longest day and night. Of course, this feature is considered only for the solar system and between the planets of the solar system. This planet spends every day in such a way that if it is considered with the scale of spending the length of the day on planet Earth. Each day on Venus will be equal to 243 days on Earth. It can be said that one day on Venus is approximately one year on Earth.
50 secrets about space
46- Picking the nose:
Astronauts who travel to space suffer from various disorders and problems such as stuffy noses or puffy faces. Because there is no gravity in space. And give blood and fluids, these people will not be pulled down. For this reason, excess fluids accumulate in their body and can cause problems such as puffiness of the body and face and stuffy nose.
47 – The lost planet:
In the solar system, according to most scientists and researchers, a planet is missing. When we look at the planets of the solar system. At first glance, these planets are very natural. But when we look at other star systems.
Something seems strange. Because the situation in the solar system is completely different from other star systems. It means the four inner planets which are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. They are made of stone and of a very small size. And the four outer planets, namely Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are made of a gaseous state and have a very large size. This state exists in the solar system.
But when we pay attention to other star systems. Exoplanets are moving in orbits like the orbit of Earth and Neptune. These planets are made of rock and covered with gas. Such a situation does not exist in our system at all. For this reason, scientists believe that when our system was being formed.
Gas planets were closer to the sun and there were more planets. It means that there was a possibility that a gas planet bigger than Earth existed between Mars and Jupiter and was swallowed by the Master planet. Or there is a situation in the planet Jupiter has caused this planet to be thrown out of the solar system.
48 – Death of birds:
Birds cannot survive in space, while many other animals have this feature, that is, they can go to space and live there. But birds are unable to swallow without gravity. They do not have the ability to survive.
49 – Moving away from the moon:
Every year, the moon moves away from the Earth, so that the radius of the moon’s orbit around the Earth is increasing very slowly. According to the research, this increase reaches 3.8 cm per year.
50- Sugarcane extract:
The last secret among all 50 secrets about space is sugarecane extract. The gases that exist in the Milky Way are composed of some ethyl formate. This substance is mostly found in sugarcane and raspberry.
Sending the first humans to Mars has not only been a dream for countless generations, but also dates back to the early modern era. Also, one of the topics of the space age is the planning of such missions, and it is considered an integral part of the current vision for the future of space exploration, but this long-standing dream has not yet been realized.
What are the obstacles on the way for humans to reach Mars?
In the last 20 years, the public has heard claims that NASA will send the first humans to Mars by the early 2030s. First the moon, then to Mars! This is the plan NASA seemed to be sticking to for a while.
According to IA, in recent years, other players, including the China National Space Agency (CNSA) and Elon Musk’s commercial space giant, SpaceX, have joined the “race for Mars“. According to several sources, China, like NASA, plans to build infrastructure on the moon that will help the country send its first astronauts to Mars as early as 2033.
SpaceX’s plans are even more ambitious, with missions planned for the late 2020s and plans to build a self-sufficient city on Mars before the end of the decade. Unfortunately, many naysayers have said that reaching Mars by 2033 or sooner is unrealistic.
There have also been numerous delays along the way, showing how the entire Moon-to-Mars mission could fall behind its planned timeline.
2040 may be a more likely year for a manned mission to the surface of Mars, according to statements issued last summer by Deputy Administrator Jim Reuter. While delays are common in spaceflight, a seven-year delay seems significant and raises questions.
For example, why does such a mission take so long? And what would it take to send the first humans to Mars?
Answering these questions requires recalling memories.
The journey begins
Efforts to carry out missions to Mars began in 2004 with the announcement of a project called Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) by NASA. This vision came in response to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the state of human spaceflight at NASA, and a desire to rekindle public interest in space exploration.
The project’s specific goals included completing the International Space Station (ISS), retiring the Space Shuttle by 2010, and creating a new fleet of heavy launch vehicles that would enable manned missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.
The plan included a series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare and support future human exploration activities that began in 2008.
The plan also supports the use of lunar exploration, science, and resources to develop the technologies and systems necessary to support sustainable human space exploration to Mars and other destinations.
Meanwhile, NASA will resume sending robotic missions to Mars to search for evidence of life and prepare for the eventual arrival of manned missions. This led to the formation of NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover (MER) program, which consisted of the Spirit and Opportunity rovers and the Curiosity and Perseverance rovers.
Following this, the NASA Authorization Act of 2005 officially launched the Constellation Program.
The program called for a new group of launch vehicles, including a crew launch vehicle (CLV) and a cargo launch vehicle (CaLV), which led to the design of the Ares I and Ares V rockets.
Other vehicles included the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM).
NASA planned to use Eriz 1 and 5 back-to-back to send astronauts to the Moon and Mars. The crew was to be launched using a two-stage Ariz-1 rocket capable of delivering 56,000 pounds (25,400 kg) to low Earth orbit (LEO). The payload was sent separately on Ariz 5, which was capable of sending 88,000 kg into low Earth orbit. This program came to fruition in 2009 when NASA completed the Launch Stop System (LAS) and the first stage of the Ariz 1 rocket. The second one was successfully tested on October 28 of the same year.
Unfortunately, the Constellation program was canceled in 2010 due to the global financial crisis known as the “Great Recession” that began in 2007-2008. Almost a year later, the Obama administration signed off on the Mission to Mars.
Details and goals of the program were published in the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 and the US National Space Policy of the same year. NASA’s priorities in this matter are summarized as follows:
Our next step is deep space, where NASA will send a robotic mission to capture and guide an asteroid into lunar orbit. Astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft will explore the asteroid in the 2020s and return to Earth with samples. This experience in human spaceflight beyond low-Earth orbit will help NASA test new systems and capabilities, such as solar electric propulsion.
Beginning in fiscal year 2018, NASA’s powerful Space Launch System rocket will enable these missions to test new capabilities. Human missions to Mars will rely on Orion, an evolved version of the Space Launch System rocket that will be the most powerful launcher ever to fly.
In many ways, “Journey to Mars” picked up where the Constellation program left off.
While the Ariz 1 rocket and lunar lander were discarded, the Ariz 5 launcher and crewed exploration spacecraft were retained and became the basis for the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion spacecraft.
Timelines were also updated, with missions to Mars planned for the early 2030s.
The proposed journey will include three phases and 32 launches of the Space Launch System between 2018 and 2030. These missions send all the necessary components to space between the Earth and the Moon and then to space near Mars before landing the crew on the surface of Mars.
Phase one, called the Earth-based phase, will focus on further long-term studies on the International Space Station until 2024 and testing the Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft. This included Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2018, the first flight of the Space Launch System, and the second unmanned test flight of Orion.
As with the Constellation program, NASA also planned to launch an Asteroid Redirection Mission (ARM) in 2020, in which a robotic spacecraft would rendezvous with a near-Earth asteroid and pull it into lunar orbit.
Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2) will include a manned flyby of the Moon and asteroid ARM between 2021 and 2023. At this point, NASA moves to Phase Two, shifting the focus from Earth to the space between the Earth and the Moon. The multiple launches of the space launch system will bring the important components of the mission to the lunar surface and orbit at this stage.
Since 2012, these elements have included the lunar gateway known as the Deep Space Habitat, an orbiting space station consisting of a Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), a Habitat and Logistics Base (HALO), a refueling supply system, and infrastructure. and has a communication module (ESPRIT), an international habitation module (I-Hab), and a reusable lunar lander.
Other elements include the Artemis Base Camp, which consists of a lunar base surface habitat, a habitable mobile platform, a Lunar Ground Vehicle (LTV), and a Deep Space Vehicle (DST). The spacecraft will integrate with Orion to transport a crew of up to four to Mars and other deep space destinations.
In the early 2030s, phase three (ground-independent) will begin, which will include essential elements delivered to Mars by a deep space vehicle. This second space station will be equipped with a reusable Mars lander that will allow the crew to perform scientific operations on the surface and then return to orbit.
A road map is formed
In 2017, NASA’s long-term vision to return astronauts to the Moon and Mars began. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s 2017 Transfer Authorization Act, NASA’s priorities for the Moon to Mars program were determined.
These priorities included continued development of the Space Launch System, Orion, the Lunar Gateway, and other critical mission elements. The bill also directed NASA to scrap the asteroid reorientation mission in favor of something more cost-effective. Other priorities included expanding the US commitment to the ISS and restoring domestic launch capability through the Commercial Orbital Transportation Service (COTS) and the Commercial Crew Program (CCP).
According to their timeline, the construction of the Moongate space station will be completed by 2028. The first manned missions to Mars will be launched from the Moon Gate in 2033. The crew will spend up to a year conducting science operations, then make their return trip to Earth.
The spacecraft and crew will then spend 6 to 9 months en route, returning to the lunar gateway and landing on Earth with the Orion capsule. Subsequent missions are carried out once every 26 months. These missions will lead to the establishment of a long-term habitat on Mars, allowing for return visits. It could also deliver the first Mars sample to Earth, similar to how the Apollo astronauts returned moon rocks for analysis.
Read more: Can humans endure the psychological torment of living on Mars?
However, by 2019, NASA was forced to reevaluate its priorities and long-term goals as the Trump administration inaugurated a new program.
As you can see, NASA’s long-term vision for the first manned missions to Mars has evolved since its inception 20 years ago, and even in its early stages, there were doubts that the timelines and commitments were realistic. With all these challenges, the most important pressure factors had not yet arrived. You can read these factors in the second part of this report.
History of the world; From the Big Bang to the creation of the planet Earth
Since its launch in 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope has sent us spectacular images of the universe’s deep field. This telescope revealed fine details like a galaxy with an age of 13.1 billion. Such distant objects may not be visually impressive, appearing as fuzzy red blobs in images, but they can provide a fascinating glimpse into the universe’s infancy.
Space and time are intertwined. Light travels at a constant speed, so the images captured by telescopes like James Webb’s are actually images of the universe from millions or even billions of years ago. The higher the sensitivity and accuracy of a telescope, the more distant objects it can observe and thus display more distant times. As the most powerful telescope ever launched, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is extremely sensitive. This telescope can theoretically see objects within 100 million years since the formation of the universe.
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The first moments
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Initial plasma
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The world becomes transparent
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Cosmic Dark Age
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The first habitable age
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The first lights in the dark
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Blooming cosmos with stars
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Star seeds
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The oldest known star
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The oldest known planet
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The formation of galaxies
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Large-scale structures of the universe
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Collision of galaxies
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Massive black holes
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The formation of the Milky Way disc
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Overcoming dark energy
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The birth of the sun
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The formation of the earth
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The first forms of life
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Extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations
There are still many unknowns about the history of the universe, but telescopes like Webb’s can unravel these mysteries and reveal unprecedented detail.
History of the world
The first moments
The universe was born about 13.8 billion years ago from the Big Bang.
The entire universe was created from an ancient and vast explosion that continues to this day. This spark , called the Big Bang, happened nearly 13.8 billion years ago. The Big Bang is the best hypothesis ever proposed for the existence of the universe. Although there is still no way to directly observe the Big Bang, this theory is well established and has been confirmed by many scientists over the past few decades.
In the first moments of the universe, a fraction of a second after the Big Bang, everything was inside a singularity, which is an infinitesimally small point of space with a very strange and high density that encompasses everything. In a few moments after the birth of the universe, the world was in an era known as Planck’s age. In this era, the whole world was so small that space and time had no meaning. Then, in less than a second, the universe entered a phase known as cosmic inflation, and for a moment, it expanded greatly. The infant universe consisted of a hot soup of subatomic particles and radiation, preventing any kind of structure from forming.
Initial plasma
The universe was initially filled with turbid, hot plasma.
The early universe was a highly viscous place filled with turbid plasma for several thousand years. This murky plasma was a mass of subatomic particles that were too hot to contract into atoms. The lack of transparency of the early world makes it impossible to see the events of that time; However, the early chapters of the universe’s history are of interest to many cosmologists because they represent a stage for the existence of everything.
Scientists believe that the early universe was filled with equal amounts of matter and antimatter, which eventually annihilated each other, leaving only a small amount of matter in the present universe. The question of why one of them was more remains a mystery and physicists are still trying to answer this question.
Eventually, the universe cooled and atoms and then strange molecules began to form. The first molecule that was formed in the world was made of only two elements, hydrogen and helium. These molecules finally made a compound called helium hydride. This chemical reaction actually created a helium compound that looks like it shouldn’t exist.
The world becomes transparent
The world became transparent after 300 thousand years.
On its 300,000 birthday, the world entered an era known as the age of recombination. It was during this period that atoms began to form, although the word “recombination” is a bit of a misnomer because it was during this period that everything was combined together for the first time. As the universe cooled enough, matter began to form atoms, and the universe became transparent for the first time. This transparency allowed the light left over from the Big Bang to spread throughout the universe.
The ancient Big Bang radiation marks the edge of the visible universe and can still be observed. As the universe continues to expand, the light in it is stretched, which astronomers witness in the form of the redshift phenomenon. The older the light of an object, the more it is stretched and moves to the red side of the spectrum like infrared and finally to longer wavelengths.
The initial light of the birth of the world is the most stretched light and the human eye cannot observe it. This light can be seen in all directions today as the cosmic background radiation (CMB). As seen in the image above, some speckled areas show slight fluctuations left over from cosmic inflation. These faint background rays are the last reflections of the birth of the universe.
Cosmic Dark Age
The world had no stars in the dark ages.
With the universe filled with atoms, light was finally able to move freely in open space. However, there was nothing in the universe capable of producing light. In fact, this age of the world is known as the age of cosmic darkness. In this period, the stars were not yet born and the space was full of silence and infinite darkness. The universe was in its infancy and there was nothing but dark matter with neutral helium and hydrogen, But it was in this darkness that the materials of the world gradually joined each other.
Finally, with the formation of the first stars, the world entered an era known as the Bazion, and the first stars shone. They emitted intense ultraviolet light in the dark and eventually removed the electrons from the new atoms; But even though the stars were shining for the first time in the universe, their light could not travel very far. Because the entire space was filled with a fog of hydrogen gas and blocked the light of the first stars. After some time, the starlight traveled further distances and reached us today.
The first habitable age
According to calculations, the first habitable age started in 10-17 million years of the world.
According to human earth standards, any place with liquid water can be classified as habitable. As the early Earth cooled, the surprising truth was revealed that the entire universe was once at a habitable temperature. According to an article published in the International Journal of Astrophysics, this period is called the early habitable age. Based on this hypothesis, the question arises as to what exactly happened in a world where life theoretically existed everywhere. According to calculations, this cosmic age corresponds to the time when the universe was still 10 to 17 million years old.
Of course, scientists have differences in this hypothesis. According to an article in Nature that argues against this idea, life requires a hot-to-cold energy flow and cannot exist in a uniformly warm universe. Furthermore, at this early age it is not known whether the universe had stars or planets, or even oxygen to produce water. However, this hypothesis cannot be completely rejected. The first planets were probably formed in the first few billion years of the universe; So the hypothesis of an early habitable age is little more than a fascinating thought experiment.
History of the world
The first lights in the dark
The first stars of the universe were composed of light elements.
The first stars of the universe were formed from the virgin material left over from the Big Bang and were the cause of the formation of the first heavy elements of the universe. These stars, which lacked elements heavier than helium, are known as population 3 stars (confusingly named stellar populations in the wrong order). Since these stars were responsible for the formation of the heavy elements of the universe, they must have existed at some point in history. These objects are expected to have formed between 100 million and 250 million years after the Big Bang.
According to the models, Population 3 stars were very massive and short-lived by today’s stellar standards. The lifetime of some of these stars reached only 2 million years, which is a long time from the human point of view; But on a stellar scale, it’s like a blink of an eye. When these stars ended their lives, they likely perished in unstable binary supernova explosions, the most violent type of stellar explosion in the universe. Although no stars belonging to this group have been observed so far, perhaps this trend will change with powerful instruments such as the James Webb Space Telescope.
Blooming cosmos with stars
Some stars of the Milky Way date back to 11 to 13 billion years ago.
We live in a season of the world known as the age of star formation. This age is the beginning of the stars shining in the dark and is actually the modern age of the world, in which the cosmic matter turns into stars, planets and galaxies. According to scientists, the era of star formation began approximately one million years after the Big Bang and will continue until the universe is 100 trillion years old. Until the very distant future, the birth, life and death of stars in the universe and the fusion of hydrogen into heavier elements will continue until hydrogen disappears completely.
Although stars are actively forming in the universe, there is a wide range from newly born stars to very old stars. Stars can live for billions of years. Red dwarfs, the smallest and most populous stars in the universe, live so long that their deaths have not been recorded until now because the universe is not old enough. Astronomers have also observed very old stars in the universe, some of which date back to the earliest days of the Milky Way, between 11 and 13 billion years ago. Stars like this have been observed for most of the history of the universe.
Star seeds
Nebulae are breeding grounds for the formation of new stars
By weight, most of Earth is made up of chemical elements heavier than helium, which are made in the cores of stars. This process is known as nucleation. During the lifetime of a star, nuclear reactions combine light elements and produce heavier elements. In this way, elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon, sulfur and iron are formed in the hearts of stars. When stars run out of fuel, they throw the elements they made back into the universe.
Stars fill the galaxy with elements by their birth and death over billions of years. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are among the most abundant elements made by smaller stars. As these stars die, their outer layers form a stellar nebula. From this example, we can refer to the Southern Ring Nebula, whose image was published by the James Webb telescope.
The life of the biggest stars also ends in a supernova explosion. These explosions not only fill galaxies with heavy elements such as iron, but their shock waves can be the basis for the birth of new stars.
The oldest known star
The oldest star in the universe was formed only 100 million years after the Big Bang
The hunt for the oldest stars in the universe is one of the fascinating fields of astronomy that can help scientists understand the early days of the universe. The oldest star ever discovered is HD 140283. The star is so old that the first estimates of its age are older than the universe itself. However, this effect is an illusion caused by the uncertainty in the estimates. Therefore, measuring the age of a star is not an easy task.
According to another research in the Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, the age of HD 140283 was estimated to be almost the same as the age of the universe, i.e. 13.7 billion years. In other words, this star was probably born a hundred million years after the Big Bang, and thus it is one of the first generation of stars that were born in the world. This star is metal-poor, or in other words, has a small number of chemical elements heavier than helium, and thus it is placed in the category of population 2 stars. Such stars are among the oldest objects that have ever shone in the universe. Based on the ratio of chemical elements, these stars are survivors of early stars from the early days of the universe.
The oldest known planet
The oldest planet in the world is nearly 12.7 billion years old.
No one knows exactly when the first planets formed, but they seem to be able to outlive stars. The oldest known planet orbits two dead stars, one of which is a pulsar and the other a white dwarf. Both stars are stellar wrecks that have run out of fuel and have released much of their chemical material into their galaxy. The mentioned pulsar is called PSR B1620 and the planet located in its orbit is known by the nickname Methuselah. This planet, which is a kind of gas giant, is not unlike the planet Jupiter.
According to estimates, the lifespan of Methuselah reaches 12.7 billion years, but this age is not exact. There is no good way to estimate the age of planets, so this estimate is based on other stars in the Methuselah cluster. Globular clusters, such as the Methuselah host cluster, are full of stars that formed at the same time.
According to the research of Science magazine, the existence of the ancient planet Methuselah offers interesting hints about the time of formation of the oldest planets. If the estimates are correct and Methuselah is really 12.7 billion years old, we can say that the planets were formed earlier than we think. In other words, Methuselah may not be the only ancient planet in our galaxy.
The formation of galaxies
Galaxies usually come together in several clusters
When the universe was only 200 million years old, the first galaxies were formed. The discovery initially surprised astronomers because they thought galaxies formed much later. Early galaxies were not similar to today’s massive galaxies. Rather, they were shapeless clouds of irregular gas and dust. These galaxies, accompanied by a wave of star birth, eventually became the massive galaxies that fill the universe today. It seems that the Milky Way galaxy was formed approximately 13.6 billion years ago. Our galaxy was then an unrecognizable mass of stars, not unlike the present spiral.
The oldest galaxy ever discovered was formed 300 million years after the Big Bang. This galaxy is called HD1 and the James Webb telescope played an important role in determining its age. HD1, if confirmed, would be the oldest galaxy ever seen by astronomers and could offer fascinating insights into the formation of the universe’s first galaxies. The formation of galaxies is still a mysterious research field full of unanswered questions. Helping to solve these questions will be one of the main goals of the James Webb telescope.
Large-scale structures of the universe
Galaxies are held together by gravity and form large-scale cosmic structures
Much of the world seems to be an empty void, But the universe has complex structures on very large scales. The universe is covered with an array of dark matter filaments that form a web-like structure. This network of dark matter, called large-scale structure, shapes the universe and causes galaxies to fall into regular patterns. The gravity of the large-scale structure causes both dark and visible matter to lie next to each other. By examining this structure, we can find signs of the youth of the world.
Deep background images, such as the James Webb Telescope image, can reveal how galaxies fit together. These structures are actually the largest visible structures or galaxy strings in the universe, held together by gravity. In addition, the structures are not random but have an order that still fascinates researchers. Galaxies and large galaxy clusters appear to be evenly spaced in the galactic strings, resembling a pearl necklace. There are still many uncertainties about large-scale structures.
Collision of galaxies
Some galaxies collide and form larger galaxies.
Gravity pulls everything in the universe together, and the heavier the mass, the greater this attraction. Galaxies are among the heaviest objects in the universe, whose formation and evolution are still a matter of discussion and their evolution is strongly influenced by their interaction with each other.
Galaxies usually tend to form groups or clusters that come together due to gravity and start interacting when they are close to each other. The gravitational pull of galaxies leads to the creation of lethal forces. In the most dramatic examples, galaxies can collide and their merger may take billions of years.
Galactic collisions can lead to the formation of new stars; Because the change of gravitational forces causes disturbances on huge scales. Some stars are ejected into the dark intergalactic space, while others are trapped by the gravity of supermassive black holes at the center of colliding galaxies. As the galaxies merge, their spiral arms are eventually destroyed, and the two galaxies eventually become one massive elliptical galaxy. In this way, some of the largest galaxies in the universe are formed. Some galaxies also grow by absorbing smaller galaxies. According to some evidence, the Milky Way has experienced such a collision in the past, and its signs can be seen in the form of remnants of galaxies that it has absorbed in the past.
History of the world
Massive black holes
Quasars are caused by the feeding of the black hole from the surrounding matter.
The largest galaxies, such as the Milky Way, have a supermassive black hole at their center; Although how these black holes formed is still a mystery, it is clear that they are very old. The European Space Agency has released an image of an ancient galaxy known as UDFj-39546284, which appears to be a small red dot in the image. This spot is actually the oldest quasar observed by astronomers and dates back to 380 million years after the Big Bang.
Quasars are among the brightest objects in the world, which are created by the feeding of the supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy from the surrounding material. The big question here is how these black holes have reached these dimensions at a high speed. According to a study published in the journal Nature, supermassive black holes appear to have formed suddenly from turbulent cold gas in the early universe. In the right conditions, black holes were formed with great intensity and suddenly as a result of the collapse of streams of initial materials grew to dimensions exceeding 40,000 times the mass of the Sun.
The formation of the Milky Way disc
In the first 3 billion years of its existence, the Milky Way had no spiral arm.
Today, the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, but it hasn’t always been this way. The spiral galaxy formed in a galactic disk, but the Milky Way disk formed about ten billion years ago. This means that our galaxy spent its first three billion years without a disk and therefore had no spiral arm.
The disk of a spiral galaxy contains a large part of the material of that galaxy. In such galaxies, star birth often occurs in spiral arms, as stars are formed from vast clouds of gas and dust slowly swirling around the galactic core. How and why spiral arms and disks are formed is still not completely clear, although this phenomenon has been observed frequently in the sky.
Some galactic disks appear to be very old. The oldest galactic disk ever seen is the Wolf disk. This old spiral galaxy dates back to when the universe was only 1.5 billion years old. Of course, due to the distance of this galaxy, we have no information about its new appearance.
Overcoming dark energy
Mysterious dark energy is responsible for accelerating the expansion of the universe.
One of the milestones in world history can be related to dark energy; The mysterious force that controls the expansion of the universe. No one knows exactly what dark energy is, although astronomers can measure its effects. Until a long time ago, the universe was in a tug-of-war between the force of gravity and the repulsive force of dark energy. At some point around 5-6 billion years ago, dark energy won the race. As the universe continued to expand, dark energy overcame gravity and accelerated the expansion of the universe.
The effect of dark energy on the future of the universe is still unclear. Without knowing more about dark energy or how it works, there’s no way to know. Although dark energy appears to make up a large part of the universe, its specifics are still shrouded in mystery. According to a possibility, this energy can be one of the inherent characteristics of space itself.
The birth of the sun
The sun was formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust.
The sun is almost a third of the entire universe. This star was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. With the formation of the sun, the clouds of gas and dust around it formed planets such as Earth and many moons of the solar system.
The sun is one of the population’s 1 stars. Such stars are among the newest stars in the universe and are rich in heavy elements, examples of which can be found on Earth. According to a hypothesis, the shock wave resulting from a supernova was the cause of the formation of the solar system from vast dust clouds. The traces of this supernova exist in the form of radioactive isotopes in the entire solar system; So a star died so we could live.
The formation of the earth
Earth was formed from the joining of asteroids.
According to scientists, the story of the formation of the earth goes back to 4.6 billion years ago. Our planet formed in a disk-like cloud of gas and dust around the primordial Sun. Inside this disk, gas and dust particles of different sizes were rotating at different speeds in the orbit of the sun and in this way, they collided and stuck to each other. Finally, the tiny particles turned into huge rock fragments and objects called asteroids, whose diameters ranged from one to hundreds of kilometers.
Asteroids eventually gained enough gravity to clear their orbits and attract other bodies through collisions, becoming larger bodies several thousand kilometers in diameter and forming planets.
The first forms of life
The first life on earth dates back to 3.7 billion years ago.
Life on Earth is the only life we know of in the entire universe. Life first appeared about 3.7 billion years ago, shortly after the formation of the Earth itself. Thus known life is roughly a quarter of the age of the universe, although the complex life that would eventually become humans is much more recent.
Carbon is an essential element for life and appears to have been unavailable until 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang. For this reason, it is still not possible to estimate with certainty the first form of life in the entire universe. Maybe other parts of the world have different chemistry or different elements than life on Earth.
Extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations
Life in other parts of the world may be chemically different from life on Earth.
To quote the late astronomer Carl Sagan, “We are a way of knowing the world.” Humans are part of the world like the most distant stars or galaxies. In other words, at least a part of the world is capable of thinking and observing other parts. The oldest early humans appeared on earth approximately 2.4 million years ago; This means that humans and our direct ancestors only existed in 0.02% of the entire history of the world. On a cosmic scale, it seems like we were born just yesterday. However, humans may not be the only civilization in the world.
The question about the existence of other civilizations in the galaxy has a long history. Half of all Sun-like stars could host habitable universes; Therefore, there is no shortage for the formation of civilizations. According to a relatively conservative study, there should be at least 36 space civilizations capable of communicating in the Milky Way. According to another research, there are more than 42 thousand civilizations in the Milky Way. Currently, there is no way to find out the existence of these civilizations. With more accurate telescopes, we may be able to find evidence that we are not alone in this infinite universe.
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