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MacBook Air M3 review; Lovely, powerful and economical
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6 months agoon
MacBook Air M3 review; Lovely, powerful and economical
If you are looking for a compact, well-made and high-quality laptop that can be used in daily and light use, the MacBook Air M3 review is not for you; So close the preceding article, visit the Zomit products section and choose one of the stores to buy MacBook Air M1 ; But if you, like me, are excited to read about the developments in the world of hardware and are curious to know about the performance of the M3 chip in the Dell MacBook Air 2024 , then stay with Zoomit.
The design is a copy of the original from the last generation
Almost two years have passed since Apple said goodbye to the familiar and wedge-shaped MacBook Air design; A different design that accompanied this ultrabook from the first day of its birth in 2008; But finally in 2022, with the aim of harmonizing the design language of the Apple laptop family, it was abandoned so that the MacBook Air 2022 will have a similar appearance to the 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pro.
The new MacBook Air is uniform in thickness; But it was slimmer, the screen was bigger, the edges were narrower and the corners were rounded, and a relatively large notch was added to it, whose only existence was to host the device’s 1080p webcam. MacBook Air 2022 also marked the return of the MagSafe magnetic charging port to Apple’s popular Ultrabook.
Previously, in the review of the MacBook Air 2022 with the M2 chip, we have talked comprehensively and deeply about its design and its positive and negative points. I suggest that if you haven’t read the article, you must visit it; Because the MacBook Air M3 is no different from the MacBook Air M2 in terms of appearance, display, or ports.
We also see the same incredibly well-made and metal body of MacBook Air 2022 in the new generation of Apple Ultrabooks; A body that, like the rest of Apple laptops, is carved from an aluminum block instead of the usual method of using aluminum sheets, and for this reason, it has a strong and dense structure so that we do not see the body sinking when pressing the keyboard area or the screen frame swinging.
All the parts of the MacBook Air 2024 are assembled with the utmost care; So that there is no gap between them. As expected, the hinge of the laptop is also well-adjusted so that you don’t need to use two hands to open the laptop door. All in all, the combination of the quality of components and Apple’s exemplary engineering precision, brings an extremely enjoyable and unique feeling to the user while using the MacBook Air.
Just like the previous generation, the new MacBook Air is sold in four colors: gray, silver, dark blue, and cream. One of the flaws that could be found in the design of the MacBook Air 2022 was that fingerprints and grease remained on the body; The item that was more noticeable in dark blue color. Apple says this year it has used a new coating that reduces the severity of this problem. We did not have the 2022 model available for comparison at the time of writing the following review, But traces of fat and finger still remain on the body of the MacBook Air 2024.
Grease and fingerprints on the laptop body
MacBook Air keyboard is among the best examples in the market in terms of arrangement and dimensions, feedback, and key stability; But the matte coating on the keys absorbs the fat of the fingers very quickly, and on the other hand, like other MacBooks, there is a possibility that the matte coating will disappear and the keys will become shiny. Depending on your usage, this can happen very quickly or over time; For example, for me, who is constantly writing, the keys on my MacBook Pro M1 burned out in less than a year.
Apparently, the buyers of used laptops are very sensitive about the keys being electrocuted; Therefore, if you plan to replace your Macbook with another laptop after one or two years, be sure to keep this in mind and use an external keyboard for long typing.
As always, the trackpad is one of the main strengths of any MacBook, and the MacBook Air M3 follows the same rule. The glass trackpad of the device is large in size and has little friction on its surface, it offers flawless, accurate, and smooth performance, and its Fortouch mechanism, which makes it possible to click on the entire surface of the trackpad, is so efficient that after the MacBook, it is impossible to work with the trackpad of any laptop. Another enjoyed.
MacBook Air 2022
The set of MacBook Air 2024 ports is limited and has not changed; On the right side of the device, there is a headphone jack, and the left side of the device hosts two USB4 ports and a MagSafe magnetic charging port. Along with the basic model, Apple provides a relatively small 30-watt adapter with a cloth cable of the same color as the device’s body; But you can also get the laptop with a more powerful 35 or 70-watt adapter, which charges the battery up to 50% within half an hour.
USB4 ports support Thunderbolt 3 standard with a bandwidth of 40 Gbps, But it is not possible to connect external graphics. Both ports also transmit the image signal with the DisplayPort standard. In the new MacBook, if you close the laptop door, you can connect a 6K monitor and a 5K monitor (both 60Hz) to the device at the same time; But with the laptop’s screen on, just like the MacBook Air M2, the image output is limited to a 6K monitor; It is interesting that the Intel version of MacBook Air could output images to two 4K monitors at the same time as its own screen is on!
As in the previous generation, Apple uses Bluetooth version 5.3 in its Ultrabook; But the Wi-Fi module has upgraded the device from Wi-Fi 6 to Wi-Fi 6E, which incompatible networks can increase the communication bandwidth of MacBook Air 2024 with the router and the rest of the devices in the network from 1.2 to 2.4 Gbps.
Attractive display with more attractive competitors
Like most parts of the device, the screen of the new MacBook Air does not change; Of course, in this field, you can’t criticize Apple much, since 2018, when the MacBook Air screen became Retina, it has always been among the best; However, today, with OLED competitors with stunning colors and infinite contrast, Apple’s Retina display no longer has its former glory.
MacBook Air M3 can be purchased just like the previous generation in two 13.6-inch and 15.3-inch models. The pixel density of both versions is a very good number of 224 pixels. With this density, the MacBook Air screen produces a very clear image. So that it is difficult to distinguish the pixels from each other. We have the 13.6-inch MacBook Air M3 with a resolution of 2560 x 1664 pixels available for review.
Unfortunately, unlike the expensive models of MacBook Pro or even Windows Ultrabooks with the same price as Zenbook, the panel of the MacBook Air is 60 Hz and it does not have amazing technologies such as OLED and MiniLED to produce 1000 nits of brightness and extraordinary colors. MacBook Air uses an 8-bit IPS LCD panel with back exposure, which, by using FRC technology, can give the user the feeling of 10-bit panels with a billion colors.
MacBook Air covers the wide DCI P3 color space with high accuracy. The Apple Ultrabook covers 98.4% of this space with an error of 1.9 (an error of less than 3 is ideal), perhaps the only color weakness of the panel can be considered a slight tendency to be cold; However, thanks to the True Tone feature, the device evaluates the ambient light temperature with high accuracy and adjusts the color temperature accordingly to give you a satisfying visual experience.
In our measurements, with a 50% raster standard, we reached a maximum brightness of 443 nits, which in itself is a very good number, and thanks to the anti-reflective coating on the panel surface, in environments with different light conditions, it brings a satisfactory experience of working with a laptop. Without the appearance of the shadow of the environment on the panel, the user will not be bothered.
MacBook Air 2024 screen performance against other laptops |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laptop / test |
White image |
Black image |
contrast ratio |
AdobeRGB |
sRGB |
DCI-P3 |
||||
Maximum brightness |
Minimum brightness |
Average brightness |
Native |
cover |
Average error |
cover |
Average error |
cover |
Average error |
|
MacBook Air 2024 |
443 intentions |
0.00 nits |
0.67 nits |
661 |
87.9 |
— |
100 |
2.4 |
98.4 |
1.9 |
Zenbook 14 |
512 intention (788 nits HDR) |
0.27 nits |
0 intentions |
∞ |
89.6 |
2.6 |
100 |
0.6 |
99.7 |
1.3 |
MacBook Pro 2022 |
437 intentions |
0.00 nits |
0.5 nits |
874 |
86.3 |
— |
99.8 |
2.7 |
97.5 |
— |
MacBook Air 2022 |
447 intentions |
0.1 nit |
0.65 nits |
693 |
87.5 |
— |
100 |
2.5 |
98.1 |
— |
Galaxy Book 3 Ultra |
441 intentions |
4 intentions |
0 intentions |
∞ |
97.3 |
3.7 |
99.6 |
1.9 |
99.8 |
2.3 |
MacBook Pro M1 Max |
455 intentions (1497 nits HDR) |
0 intentions |
0 intentions |
∞ |
85 |
— |
121.6 |
— |
97.3 |
2.5 |
In addition to the reasonable maximum brightness of 442 nits in bright images, unlike most laptops with IPS LCD screens, the black color brightness is also very low in the MacBook Air display; So that the device achieves a very high contrast. On the other hand, the minimum brightness of the display was 0 nits even with the 0.01 nits accuracy of the Zoomit luminance meter; In the sense that while using the laptop, there will be a little pressure on your eyes.
The attractive screen of the MacBook Air is completed by a set of 4 speakers; Speakers that have a very large sound volume compared to the size of a laptop, produce clear sound, and at high volumes, they are confused and distorted. MacBook Air speakers support Dolby Atmos and are easily ahead of most Windows laptops.
M3 chip and championship called TSMC
The main changes of MacBook Air 2024 have happened in its heart; Where it hosts the M3 chip as the beating heart of the device. Next, before we put the performance of the M3 under the microscope, we take a look at the details of the technical specifications of this chip.
The M3 chip is manufactured using TSMC’s 3nm-based manufacturing process known as N3B, hosts 25 billion transistors on its surface, and uses the same layout and configuration as the M2 for the CPU and GPU cores. Apple says the processor and graphics used in the M3 are about 35 and 65 percent faster than the M1, respectively.
Technical specifications of M3 against M2 and M1 |
|||
---|---|---|---|
parameters/chip |
Apple M3 |
Apple M2 |
Apple M1 |
manufacturing process |
3 nanometer N3B TSMC |
TSMC’s second-generation 5nm |
5 nm N5 TSMC |
CPU |
4 powerful cores with a maximum frequency of 4.05 GHz 4 low-power cores with a maximum frequency of 2.75 GHz |
4 Avalanche cores with a maximum frequency of 3.5 GHz 4 Blizzard cores with a maximum frequency of 2.4 GHz |
4 Firestorm cores with a maximum frequency of 3.2 GHz 4 Icestorm cores with a maximum frequency of 2.0 GHz |
cache memory |
16 MB shared L2 cache and 320 KB L1 cache for each of the powerful cores 4 megabytes of shared L2 cache and 192 kilobytes of L1 cache for each low-power core 8 MB system cache for the entire chip |
16 MB shared L2 cache and 320 KB L1 cache for each of the powerful cores 4 megabytes of shared L2 cache and 192 kilobytes of L1 cache for each low-power core 8 MB system cache for the entire chip |
12MB shared L2 cache and 320KB L1 cache for each Firestorm core 4 MB shared L2 cache and 192 KB L1 cache for each Icestorm core 8 MB system cache for the entire chip |
memory bass |
128 bits |
128 bits |
128 bits |
DRAM |
8 to 24 GB LPDDR5-6400 |
8 to 24 GB LPDDR5-6400 |
8 or 16 GB LPDDR4x-4266 |
Memory bandwidth |
100 GB per second |
100 GB per second |
68.2 gigabytes per second |
GPU |
8 or 10 cores with hardware support of ray tracing |
8 or 10 cores |
7 or 8 cores |
Like the last two generations, the M3 chip uses a combination of 4 high-power cores and 4 low-power cores, respectively, with maximum frequencies of 4.05 and 2.75 GHz as CPU. Apple has made minor changes in the architecture of the cores, and the main difference of the cores is the 15% increase in frequency compared to the M2 cores.
Apple has not even changed the amount of cache memory of the M3 chip compared to the M2; Each of the high-power and low-power cores have access to 320 and 192 KB of ultra-fast L1 cache, respectively, the set of four high-power and low-power cores also have access to 16 and 4 MB of L2 cache, respectively, while the system cache is 8 MB for the set of chip processing blocks. GPU and CPU are included.
The M3 chip is used in Apple laptops in two versions with 8- and 10-core graphics processors. We had the MacBook Air with 8-core graphics available for review, which in total, just like the last generation, has 128 execution units with 1024 calculation and logic units in its heart, which operate at an almost identical frequency of 1.38 GHz.
The main difference between the M3 graphics compared to the previous generation is the addition of the Ray Tracing hardware accelerator, Mesh shading, and Dynamic Caching technology, the latter of which allows the chip to provide the memory required by the GPU in real-time and based on the type of processing. Thus, it optimizes the amount of memory consumption.
The M3 chip uses a 16-core neural processing unit (NPU) with a computing power of 18 trillion operations per second, and in addition to ProRes and ProRes Raw videos, it now has a separate engine for AV1 video codec decoding. Due to its two 64-bit channels and support for LPDDR5X-6400 RAM, this chip can achieve a bandwidth of 102 GB/s for data exchange with its integrated RAM.
Performance of the MacBook Air M3 in benchmarks while plugged in |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laptop/benchmark |
Technical Specifications |
Web browsing |
Performance in graphics |
CPU performance in rendering |
CPU computing power |
GPU computing power |
3 Dark |
CineBench R23 |
GeekBench 6 |
GeekBench 6 |
|||
Speedometer 2.1 |
TimeSpy |
Single Multi |
Single Multi |
OpenCL Metal/Vulkan |
||
DirectX 12 |
||||||
MacBook Air 2024 |
Apple M3 8 core GPU |
680 |
— |
1897 9872 |
3143 2008 |
25845 41671 |
Zenbook 14 |
Core Ultra 7 155H Intel Arc GPU |
396 |
3453 |
1637 13367 |
2290 12256 |
34889 38268 |
MacBook Pro 2022 |
Apple M2 10-core GPU |
407 |
— |
1579 8730 |
2581 9641 |
28852 42673 |
MacBook Air 2022 |
Apple M2 8 core GPU |
405 |
— |
1577 8476 |
2578 9655 |
27846 39735 |
MacBook Pro 2020 |
Apple M1 8 core GPU |
209 |
— |
1512 7778 |
2335 8315 |
21646 32743 |
MacBook Pro 14-inch 2021 |
M1 Max 24Core GPU |
300 |
— |
1549 12508 |
2378 12239 |
65432 101045 |
MacBook M3 appears about 20-25% faster than M2 in single-core and multi-core benchmarks, and in comparison with M1, it increases its superiority to about 35-45%; Therefore, considering the 15% increase in frequency and the improvement of TSMC’s manufacturing process, it seems that Apple has not changed much in the architecture; But in any case, CPU performance on par with the M1 Pro is a surprising result for the M3.
Compared to the new Asus ultrabook with the Core Ultra 7 155H chip, MacBook Air M3 leads by 15-35% in single-core benchmarks; But in multi-core benchmarks, it loses the field to the competitor with a single-digit difference of up to 25%. We will talk more about the difference between the two chips in productivity and power consumption.
Apple laptops have a stunning performance in terms of web surfing experience and M3 has taken this performance to a whole new level; MacBook Air 2024 outperforms Asus Ultrabook 2024 with a 65% difference in the Zoomit web browsing test. The stunning superiority of the MacBook Air shows that Apple’s laptop offers faster and smoother performance on the web.
Apple’s new ultrabook appears in almost the same level of computing processing as the last generation. It seems that M3 remains behind its Intel competitor by 25% in the processes that take place on the basis of the OpenCL framework; But instead, thanks to Apple’s exclusive Metal framework, it surpasses the performance of Core Ultra 7 in processes based on Vulkan, with a difference of 10%.
Let’s skip the benchmarks and talk about how the MacBook Air 2024 performs in professional software and games. For this, we considered Photoshop and Premiere Pro software, Python code execution, and the Rise of the Tomb Raider game.
The set of games available for macOS is much more limited than for Windows; However, thanks to the tool that Apple introduced at WWDC 2023 for porting Windows games (Game Porting Toolkit), some were able to run titles such as Medium and Cyberpunk 2077 on Macs with powerful graphics processors such as the M2 Max, and it is hoped that in the future, this same tool, pave the way for more games to be released.
We were able to run the old game Rise of the Tomb Raider at 1200p resolution, High graphics settings and an average frame rate of 50.5 fps, which shows an advantage of about 25 percent of the M3 compared to the M2.
MacBook Air M3 performance while playing Rise of the Tomb Raider game
MacBook Air M3 works about 10 to 20 percent faster than its two previous generations and ZenBook 14 while using Photoshop software for tasks such as resizing large photos and implementing the blur effect or lens correction.
MacBook Air M3 performance in Photoshop software
In Premier Pro software, while performing tasks such as blur effect implementation, image sharpening, or 4K video output, the performance of the device is 20-30% better than the MacBook Air M2 and Zenbook 14.
Performance of MacBook Air M3 in Premier Pro software
Note that in software such as Premiere Pro, where we are dealing with heavy projects, the low RAM overshadows the performance level and you may even get stuck in scenarios like editing 4K videos. Next, we will talk about the MacBook Air M3 RAM.
The MacBook Air was able to run Zoomit’s Python code in about 45 seconds, which is about 13 seconds faster than the M2 and 33 percent faster than the M1.
MacBook Air M3 performance while running Python code
One of the most attractive features of MacBooks is that they work equally well, whether connected to electricity or relying on batteries; For example, when running Python code while plugged in, the MacBook Air M3 beats the ZenBook 14 by just 4 seconds; But by disconnecting the laptops from the electricity and Zenbook’s performance drop, the time difference reaches 11 seconds!
In addition to running Python code, the MacBook Air also displays similar performance in other software in both plugged-in and battery-powered states; In the table below, you can see the difference in performance of MacBook Air M3 in Plugged and UnPlugged modes in a number of users:
Performance of MacBook Air 2024 when connected to electricity and with battery |
||
---|---|---|
Test/Performance |
Plugged result |
Result UnPlugged |
CineBench 2024 (MultiCore) |
574 |
573 |
Speedometer 2.1 |
680 |
681 |
Photoshop |
6488 |
6588 |
Premiere Pro |
3868 |
3881 |
Python |
44.6 seconds |
44.7 seconds |
In the MacBook Air 2022 review, we said that the lack of an active cooling system (fan) makes this ultrabook unable to provide stable performance under continuous processing loads. Now it’s time for MacBook Air 2024 with the same cooling system; But this time with a more optimized chip, it will be wider. Does the MacBook Air M3 offer stable performance?
To evaluate the cooling system, the performance stability level and measure the power consumption and other parameters of the MacBook Air M3, we first ran the CineBench R23 multi-core test on the device for 30 minutes consecutively in both power-connected and battery-based modes; Then we went to the 20-minute Wild Life Extreme test.
MacBook Air 2024 laptop performance under continuous processing load |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Laptop status |
CPU score at first |
CPU score after 30 minutes |
GPU score first |
GPU score after 20 minutes |
Connected to electricity |
9872 |
7841 |
6989 |
5207 |
with battery |
9833 |
8322 |
6996 |
5271 |
MacBook Air M3 shows more or less the same behavior whether in Plugged or UnPlugged mode; After 30 minutes, the CPU performance drops by about 15-20%, and in a 20-minute graphics processing load, the GPU drops by 25%.
Contrary to the numbers stated in the technical specifications of the M3 chip, the MacBook Air 2024, whether in multi-core or single-core processing, never reaches the frequency of 4.05 GHz in powerful cores; In my measurements, the frequency of the most powerful cores in the multi-core test remained at 3.7 GHz for a few seconds; But it immediately begins the gradual process of decline and reaches below 2.5 GHz from the 10th minute, which is lower than the stable 2.75 GHz frequency of low-power cores!
Read more: Asus Zenbook 14 OLED laptop review
CPU frequency in MacBook Air M3
The frequency drop process starts when the temperature of the hottest point of the chip reaches 103 degrees Celsius; It seems that Apple has adopted a more conservative strategy this year; Because in MacBook Air M2, the maximum temperature of the chip reaches 109 degrees Celsius. The temperature of 103 degrees of the chip continues for 5-6 minutes and then, thanks to the frequency drop, it decreases to the range below 90 degrees Celsius.
CPU temperature on MacBook Air M3
The temperature of the laptop body rises to 46-47 degrees Celsius, especially in the upper area of the keyboard; But in general, the body heat is not such that you cannot continue working with the laptop.
CPU consumption in MacBook Air M3
As you can see in the power consumption graph, the CPU consumes about 21 watts in the first few seconds; But as the body heats up, the power consumption gradually decreases and after a few minutes it reaches below 10 watts and reaches the range of 7-8 watts.
As you can see from the graphs below, the M3 GPU also follows a similar path to performance degradation from overheating the device.
GPU consumption in MacBook Air M3
GPU temperature on MacBook Air M3
GPU frequency on MacBook Air M3
About 2-3 minutes after the start of graphic processing, in order to prevent the chip temperature from exceeding 103 degrees Celsius, the frequency of the GPU drops from about 1350 MHz and its power consumption from about 14 watts to 1000 MHz and below 8 watts. is approaching
My tests show that the MacBook Air M3 uses its powerful core stably with a frequency of about 3,750 MHz in single-core processing, this number is about 3,200 and 2,980 MHz in the MacBook Air M2 and MacBook Air M1 laptops, respectively.
In order to have a general outline and limits of architecture changes and IPC (the number of instructions executed per processing cycle), we can divide GeekBench’s single-core score by the chips’ single-core frequency; Note that this measure is not exact and only provides a general picture of the state of architectural changes. To accurately measure IPC, one should go to an expensive tool such as SPECView, which unfortunately is not available in Iran.
Ratio of performance to CPU frequency
To be more precise, what you see in the graph above is the ratio of single-core performance to CPU frequency in three generations of MacBook Air laptops with M1, M2, and M3 chips. In this chart, I have considered the MacBook Air M1 as a benchmark so that we can compare the other two chips relatively. The numbers say that the architectural changes in M3 have a 4 and 7 percent impact on the performance of this chip compared to M2 and M1, which is not a significant improvement.
In the graph below, you can see the ratio of M3’s performance to its power consumption compared to previous generations and the Core Ultra 7 155H chip. Note that the amount of power consumed by the chips is not stable and after a few seconds, it deviates from its maximum value; Therefore, the graph below was created by running CineBench R23 once and based on the average power consumption during the benchmark execution period, so that we can obtain the ratio of performance to power consumption in the best performance condition of the laptop.
The ratio of performance to CPU power consumption
My measurements show that the M3 consumes an average of 4.9 and 19.1 watts when running the CineBench R23 single-core and multi-core benchmarks, respectively; While these numbers are equal to 8 and 20.2 watts for the M2 and 23 and 37.8 watts for the Core Ultra 7 155H, respectively, this shows the stunning efficiency of the M3; But if you consider the numbers obtained in the previous chart, you will realize that TSMC’s optimized manufacturing process has more influence on this amazing productivity than IPC and Apple’s architecture improvements.
The M3’s incredible efficiency also contributes to the MacBook Air M3’s excellent charging performance. Apple uses the same 52.6-watt-hour battery as the MacBook Air M2 in its new ultrabook and says that this laptop can charge for about 18 hours, just like the previous generation.
MacBook Air 2024 battery life compared to other laptops |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laptop/Test |
Functional profile |
hardware |
Display |
Battery capacity |
Play offline video |
Everyday use |
Processor and graphics |
Dimensions, resolution, and refresh rate |
watt-hours |
720p Video |
PCMark 10 |
||
minute: hour |
minute: hour |
|||||
MacBook Air 2024 |
— |
Apple M3 8 core GPU |
13.6 inches and 60 Hz 1664 x 2560 pixels |
52.6 |
14:13 |
— |
Zenbook 14 |
Performance |
Core Ultra 7-155H Intel Arc |
14 inches and 120 Hz 1800 x 2880 pixels |
75 |
17:25 |
9:09 |
Galaxy Book 3 Ultra |
Performance |
Core i7-13700H RTX 4050 |
16 inches and 120 Hz 1880 x 2880 pixels |
76 |
11:00 |
6:21 |
MacBook Pro 2022 |
— |
Apple M2 10-core GPU |
13.3 inches and 60 Hz 1600 x 2560 pixels |
58.2 |
26:18 |
— |
MacBook Air 2022 |
— |
Apple M2 8 core GPU |
13.6 inches and 60 Hz 1664 x 2560 pixels |
52.6 |
14:11 |
— |
MacBook Pro 2020 |
— |
Apple M1 8 core GPU |
13.3 inches and 60 Hz 1600 x 2560 pixels |
58.2 |
16:47 |
— |
MacBook Pro 14-inch 2021 |
— |
M1 Max 24Core GPU |
14.2 inches and 120 Hz 1964 x 3024 pixels |
70 |
18:14 |
— |
The MacBook Air 2024 was able to play our benchmark HD video for a little over 14 hours, just like the previous generation, in standard Zoomit conditions, which includes 200 nits brightness (about 70% brightness) and flight mode activation, which is an impressive result; But it is about 3 hours less than the Asus Zenbook 14 Ultrabook with a larger 75 watt-hour battery.
… and 8GB RAM for everyone
Unfortunately, this year Apple did not fall short either, and in 2024, it released the basic version of its $1,100 ultrabook with 8 GB of RAM and 256 GB of SSD. If you buy from Apple’s website, you can order 16GB or 24GB of RAM and 512GB, 1TB, and 2TB of SSD; Of course, to go to each higher step, you have to pay 200 dollars more; For example, the MacBook Air 2024 with 16 GB RAM and 512 GB SSD will cost you about $1,500.
If the base version of the 8GB MacBook Air disappointed you, you can be glad that Apple has moved away from the cowardly strategy of using a NAND chip for the SSD of the base version of the MacBook Air, which ended up halving the read and write speeds, and this year all models with 2 sells NAND chips; The maximum speed of 4 and 3.5 GB/s for reading and writing is lower than Windows competitors; But it’s not bad either.
The average SSD speed of the base model MacBook Air 2024 compared to other MacBooks |
||
---|---|---|
Models / Performance |
Sequential reading rate (UK gigabytes) |
Sequential write rate (UK gigabytes) |
MacBook Air M3 |
2.63 |
2.58 |
MacBook Air M2 |
1.03 |
2.32 |
MacBook Pro M1 |
2.28 |
2.46 |
There is a lot of debate on social networks about whether 8GB of RAM is sufficient or not. A number of Apple fans, with the logic that “MacBook RAM has high speed and memory swap technology is available to help SSD as RAM”, say that in many applications, 8 GB of RAM is enough; But you should pay attention to several points:
1. The data is not just traveling between the chip and RAM, which can compensate for the low capacity of the RAM by just having a high data exchange rate; In some applications, such as modeling or graphic work, several gigabytes of data may be stored in RAM for a relatively long time. Let’s say that the data exchange rate between the RAM and the M3 or M2 chip is no longer the best, and some chips such as the Core Ultra 7 155H offer a higher rate.
2. Memory swap is not a magical and new technology; The rest of the operating systems, such as Windows, also have similar technology; But it should be noted that swap memory reduces the useful life of SSD and the speed of SSD is not at the level of RAM that can fully play its role; For example, in MacBook Air M3, the data exchange rate between RAM and chip also reaches 102 GB/s; While the Mac SSD read and write rate is maybe one twentieth of this number.
3. Software tools are constantly developing, and their need for hardware resources, including RAM, also increases day by day. On the other hand, the user also buys the MacBook for a few years of use; Therefore, due to the lack of ability to upgrade RAM, one may face problems over time.
Aside from all the talk about Rome, a number of domestic sellers are also taking advantage of the opportunity; For example, Apple charges the same amount for a MacBook Air with 16 GB of RAM and 256 GB of SSD as for an 8 | 512 GB considered; But in Iran, configuring MacBook with more RAM is much more expensive than configuring with more SSD.
MacBook Air M3; Attractive and not very valuable
The MacBook Air M3 is by no means a bad product; But what makes buying this ultrabook illogical is the great value of its predecessors, especially the MacBook Air M1, especially if we consider their significant price difference.
For a person who does not have a laptop and is looking for a compact and well-made ultrabook for daily and light use, the base model of MacBook Air M1, which is currently sold at a price of 47-48 million Tomans, is a very desirable option; A device with an integrated metal body, a high-quality display, a very good keyboard and trackpad, excellent charging and fast performance that meets all the needs of an individual with daily use, journalism or light content production; Without the need to take an irrational action, about 25 million Tomans more will be spent to buy M3.
A person who already has a MacBook Air M2 and uses it for daily use should not go for the MacBook Air M3; Because it will not experience any significant changes; Except for the faster SSD, which is hardly noticeable in everyday use. For a current Mac M1 user, it might make more sense to upgrade to the M3.
For people who use laptops for tasks such as programming or video editing, the 8GB version of the MacBook Air M3 is not really a rational choice. If these people prefer macOS, it is better to go for used models with a budget of 70-75 million tomans, such as M1 Pro with 16 GB RAM, or if they are comfortable with Windows, high-quality options such as HP Envy with Core i9-13900H processor. And 16 GB of RAM will be a reasonable option for them.
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Apple Intelligence Review
Ten, eleven years ago, when the chief scientist of Siri’s development sat down to watch the movie Her for the second time, he tried to understand what it was about Samantha, the artificial intelligence character of the movie, that made the protagonist fall in love with her without seeing her; The answer was clear to him. Samantha’s voice was completely natural instead of being robotic! This made Siri in iOS 11, which was released about four years later, have a human (Terry) voice.
But Samantha was not just a natural voice, she was so intelligent that you thought she really had the power to think, and Siri iOS 11 was supposed to be more than just a natural voice; Or at least that’s what Apple wanted to show us. In the demo that Apple released that year of its programs for Siri, it showed a normal day in the life of Dwayne Johnson with his best friend Siri. While exercising and tending to her potty, Johnson asked Siri to check her calendar and reminders list, get her a Lyft cab, read her emails, show her photos of the clothes she designed from the gallery, and finally Rock in an astronaut suit. Suspended in space, we see that he asks Siri to make a Facetime call and take a selfie with him.
In almost all of Siri’s more or less exaggerated advertising, Apple tried to present its voice assistant as a constant and useful companion that can handle anything without the need to run a program ourselves. Siri was so important to Apple that Phil Schiller introduced it as “the best feature of the iPhone” at the iPhone 4S unveiling ceremony and said that we would soon be able to ask Siri to do our jobs for us.
But this “soon” took 13 years and we still have to wait at least another year to see the “real Siri” that was shown in the demos; I mean when Siri tries to get to know the user better by monitoring the user’s interaction with the iPhone and makes us unnecessary to open many applications every day.
For now, what the iOS 18.2 beta version of “smarter” Siri has given us is the integration with ChatGPT and a tool called Visual Intelligence, which offers something like Google Lens and ChatGPT image analysis together. To use Apple’s image generators such as ImagePlayground, Genmoji, and ImageWand, you must join a waiting list that will be approved over the coming weeks.
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Siri with ChatGPT seasoning
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visual intelligence; Only for iPhone 16
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And finally: the magic eraser for the iPhone
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Artificial intelligence writing tool
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Detailed features: from smart gallery search to the new Focus mode
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The most exciting features… yet to come!
With this account, Apple Intelligence not only joined the artificial intelligence hype later than its competitors and currently has almost no new and unique features to offer, but it is perhaps the most incomplete product that Cupertino residents have offered to their users.
Still, better late than never, and the future of Apple Intelligence looks even more exciting than its current state.
Siri with ChatGPT seasoning
The integration of Siri with ChatGPT means that instead of relying on Google to answer complex requests, Siri will now rely on the popular OpenAI chatbot (of course, permission must be obtained first; however, for faster responses, this option can be disabled by unchecking “Confirm ChatGPT Requests” In the ChatGPT section of the settings, disable it).
The quality of the answers is what we expect from ChatGPT, and Apple even gives you the option to download this chatbot application in the Apple Intelligence & Siri section of the settings; But the good news is that using ChatGPT is free and there is no need to create an account. If you have a Pro account, you can log into the app, but if you don’t, OpenAI won’t be able to save your requests and use them to train its chatbot later.
Beta version of Apple Intelligence
Request permission to ChatGPT
To use ChatGPT you probably need to change the IP
The real intelligence of Siri is where it determines what request to answer by itself, what request to ask Google, and what request to give to ChatGPT. For example, a question about the weather is answered by Siri, a question about the news of the day is usually left to Google, and if you have a request to produce text or image, Siri goes to ChatGPT; Of course, if you get bored and start your question with “Ask ChatGPT”, Siri will go straight to the chatbot.
Answer with Siri
Answer with Google
Reply with ChatGPT
The new Siri has a good feeling and the color change of the keyboard and the color halo around the screen when interacting with Siri is eye-catching; More importantly, we no longer need to call Siri to ask her name, and by double-tapping the bottom of the screen, the keyboard will pop up and you can type your request to her (a feature that shy people like me appreciate). However, the use of chatbots, which are also the most famous, is not a new thing, and it is unlikely that Siri’s connection with ChatGPT will excite anyone, at least until this moment.
We have to wait until 2025 for the story to become exciting; When Apple promised that finally ” real Siri ” will make us unnecessary to deal with different applications.
visual intelligence; Only for iPhone 16
Apple Intelligence is only available for iPhone 15 Pro and later users and iPads and MacBooks equipped with M-series chips; But the access to the Visual Intelligence feature in the iOS 18.2 version is even more limited and will only be available to iPhone 16 series users; Because of the “Camera Control” button.
Visual Intelligence is a mouthful for a feature that is not Apple’s initiative and we experienced it a long time ago with Google Lens (of course, the Circle to Search feature of Samsung phones has a similar situation). By holding down the camera control button, the camera view will open. If you tap on the Search option on the right, the subject you see in the camera will be searched in the Google Images section to find similar ones on different websites. If you select the Ask option on the left side of the screen, ChatGPT will come into action and analyze the image for you.
The user interface of Visual Intelligence is minimal and eye-catching, and it shows both the subject search results in Google and the ChatGPT answer in a card on the recorded image. In addition, after submitting the image to ChatGPT, you can continue the discussion about the subject of the image with the chatbot integrated in Siri. The results are useful and practical in most cases (for example, when you are looking for the name of a certain plant), but remember that artificial intelligence is not always reliable. For example, when I took a photo of a notebook with an external hard drive design, ChatGPT mistakenly thought that what it was seeing was really an external hard drive and started explaining its specifications.
The images you take with Visual Intelligence are not recorded on the iPhone, and Apple assures that it will not have access to these images; But if you’re logged into your ChatGPT account, OpenAI is likely to store a copy of the image on its servers for analysis.
The only headache of visual intelligence is specific to Iranian users (of course, except that this feature is limited to new iPhones); While image search in Google does not need to change IP, to analyze it in ChatGPT, you will probably have to change your IP. Sometimes this change causes Google search to not work properly, and constantly switching between VPN on and off can be annoying.
And finally: the magic eraser for the iPhone
Apple was a latecomer on the AI train, but the void for a tool to effortlessly remove distracting objects from an image was felt more than any other AI feature on the iPhone. I remember when Google first introduced Magic Eraser, I was quite surprised by its performance. iPhone’s Clean Up function, which has now been added to the Photos application, has exactly the same function, but it no longer has that sense of wonder, because it was released three years late.
Main image
iPhone eraser
Samsung Eraser
Main image
iPhone eraser
Samsung Eraser
Of course, iPhone’s Clean Up tool works cleaner than Galaxy’s Object Eraser in most cases, and if what you want to erase is small, it’s hard to notice its blank spot in the photo. The Clean Up tool automatically detects disturbing objects and draws a line around them. All the processing is done on the phone itself and therefore, it does not take more than a few seconds.
But Clean Up does not have a new feature to offer, and probably most iPhone users who needed such a feature have been using the same Magic Eraser of Google Photos for a long time; Especially since they don’t need new iPhones and Apple Intelligence to use Magic Eraser.
Artificial intelligence writing tool
The iPhone artificial intelligence writing tool (Writing Tools), which is now available as a new option after Copy in the Safari environment and also next to the pen option in the Notes application, is exactly what we have experienced with Google, Microsoft, and ChatGPT products so far; Of course, with this limitation that it does not support the Persian language and therefore, it will not be widely used for Iranian users.
The tool itself consists of various options, including text correction, rewriting, friendly tone, professional tone, summary, summary, key points, listing, and table creation, the last four options in addition to the “Describe your change” bar, which gives users more freedom of action. For example, you can convert the text format to poetry), are still missing in the iOS 18.2 beta version; But it will probably be available with the release of the public version.
New Writing Tools option
Different Options of Writing Tools
Rewrite text rewriting capability
Many rewrites are full of emotional words
friendly tone
Professional tone
summarizing
The last 4 options have not been released yet
If you need to rewrite English texts, Writing Tools has a relatively satisfactory performance; However, Apple’s language model has a habit of using buzzwords and flashy descriptions like “eye-catching”, “unique” or “innovative”, even in summaries! And this issue clearly shows the traces of artificial intelligence in the text.
But the most important features of Writing Tools are the ones that are not yet available in the beta version of iOS 18.2, and I guess they will completely transform the note-taking experience in the Notes application.
Detailed features: from smart gallery search to the new Focus mode
Apple Intelligence is full of smaller features that may be less obvious than linking Siri with ChatGPT and Clean Up, but are likely to be important in simplifying a wide variety of tasks.
Read more: iPhone 16 Pro Review
Smart search in the gallery
Searching images in the gallery has become smarter and understands natural language. For users whose gallery is unorganized and searching among thousands of photos has always been considered an impossible mission, artificial intelligence is really helpful. The results are not always related to the search term, but at least one or two are close to what you are looking for. Interestingly, the new search also recognizes facial expressions such as frowning and smiling and can find specific moments in video clips.
Man with camera
The girl is frowning
Outdoor environment at night
People walking
Intelligent Focus Mode
Apple introduced Focus modes to reduce distractions in iOS 15, and now a new mode has been added to the set of Apple Intelligence features; The Reduce Interruptions mode, which uses artificial intelligence, prioritizes notifications based on the degree of importance and displays only those that are really important from the point of view of artificial intelligence. It is possible to customize this mode like other Focus Modes and you can filter the apps and pages you want.
Smart notifications
Speaking of notifications, let me add that Apple’s AI now categorizes notifications and displays a one-sentence summary of their content. Summary of notifications works both with the iPhone’s own apps such as iMessage, and with third-party apps. When you enable Apple Intelligence, the notification display automatically becomes smart, but you can turn off the notification display completely or just for a specific app by disabling Summarize Previews from the Notifications section in Settings.
Summary of articles in Safari
When you enter Reader mode to read an article in Safari (English articles, of course!), at the beginning of the article you will see an option called “Summarize”, by tapping on it you can read a summary of about 50 words of the entire content within a few seconds.
For the most part, abstracts of non-app articles have a more neutral tone
The summaries of the articles are useful in most cases. For example, when you open the Dragon Age: The Veilguard game review article, you just want to know whether a certain website has a positive or negative opinion about this game. The tendency of Apple’s artificial intelligence to use emotional words can be seen here, and for example, regarding the article about the launch of the M4 Mac minis, seeing adjectives such as “impressive” or “stunning” in the summary seems a bit excessive. However, Summarize seems to be a useful feature for people who are busy and whose English is relatively good.
The most exciting features… yet to come!
About six weeks have passed since the release of the iPhone 16, and Apple’s intelligence capabilities are not yet fully available; Including the Image Playground image generator that turns text commands into cartoon images, or the Image Wand in the Notes app that adds an image related to your writing, or the Genmoji feature that allows you to create custom emojis with a text description.
But in my opinion, what can really make the Apple Intelligence experience unique and “magical” is Siri; Of course, not in its current form, but what is going to be released in iOS 18.3 and 18.4. Apple is working on features like “screen awareness,” “user behavior analysis,” and “in-app actions” to bring its voice assistant closer to the dream it’s had in mind for years.
For example, thanks to the ability to be aware of the screen, you can tell Siri “Send this photo to so-and-so” and Siri will know exactly which photo you are talking about. Siri also has a better understanding of the content of emails and messages, and if you ask Siri to find a specific message for you or tell you when you took a certain photo, it can answer you. And more importantly, Siri’s control over applications will increase significantly and it will be able to do things that it couldn’t do until now.
Of course, we have to wait at least until 2025 for these features to be ready, and it is not clear that Siri’s performance will be exactly what Apple has promised many times. Until then, perhaps the most important challenge facing Apple’s voice assistant is to make users remember that there is such a thing as Siri at all.
An in-depth look at the McLaren W1 supercar
First was F1 and then P1. Now, the W1 has stepped in to take McLaren’s illustrious legacy to new heights. With an astonishing 1,257 horsepower, a combination of advanced aerodynamics and innovative hybrid technology, the McLaren W1 is here to redefine a modern supercar; But can this new model continue the brilliant path started by F1 and P1 and make a place for itself in today’s fast and furious competitive world?
McLaren P1, McLaren W1 and McLaren F1
Eleven years ago, the P1 was recognized as one of the top icons of the automotive industry; The supercar that once held the title of king of the Nürburgring (a famous racetrack in Germany), with its hybrid drivetrain, surprising design, and heart-pounding power, proved McLaren’s power in terms of precision, speed and driving excitement.
Now W1 has entered the field; Not just to retire the P1, of course, but to redefine what it means to be a modern supercar. With technologies inspired by McLaren’s latest achievements in Formula One, the W1 promises a different and unique experience for super-fast car enthusiasts.
McLaren W1 is not only flawless in propulsion power and aerodynamic precision, but its design is such that it can show exceptional performance both on the road and on the track. McLaren used a powerful electric motor in the construction of the W1, which, in addition to increasing acceleration, provides better control of the car in sharp turns and hard roads.
There is no doubt that W1 is more advanced in many aspects compared to previous models; But the question is, can the name of this new car become as immortal as P1 and F1?
Stay tuned as we pit the amazing features of the McLaren W1 against the legendary P1 and see how the upstart British automaker is going to win the supercar throne game.
W1, McLaren’s most powerful production car to date
When it comes to engine power, the W1 and P1 are incomparable. The W1’s astonishing 1,258 horsepower and 1,340 Nm of torque make it the most powerful four-wheeled vehicle ever to come out of the McLaren lineup.
If you’re not too familiar with the concepts of horsepower and torque, you can think of horsepower as an athlete’s final power (eg, the ability to maintain a high speed over a long distance) and torque as their starting force at the start of a run (initial acceleration). Torque is the twisting force that helps the car to start moving and accelerate, while horsepower shows the final power of the engine, which affects the final speed.
Now, if we consider the dry weight of W1 (without liquids such as oil and fuel) which is 1399 kg, its power-to-weight ratio will be only 1.1 kg per horsepower. Such a ratio makes for incredible acceleration and is also a personal record for McLaren.
On the other hand, P1 is slightly lighter than W1 with a dry weight of 1,395 kg; But on the other hand, it has less power. This middle-aged king still produces 903 horsepower and 900 Nm of torque, which, unfortunately, does not even reach the production power of the Nunvar W1 hybrid engine.
McLaren W1 vs P1 performance stats
In terms of performance statistics, the W1 accelerates from a standstill to 97 km/h in just 2.7 seconds, reaches 200 km/h in 5.8 seconds, and breaks the 300 km/h record in 12.7 seconds. The speed of W1 is limited by an electronic limiter to 350 km/h.
P1 is slower; But not much. This car reaches a speed of 97 km/h in 2.8 seconds, which is still very fast by today’s standards; However, as the speed increases, the gap between the P1 and the W1 widens, to the point where the P1 needs 6.8 seconds to reach 200 km/h. Interestingly, the maximum speed of P1 is limited to 350 km/h just like W1.
Another interesting point is that the MotorTrend media found out that the acceleration from 0 to 97 km/h P1 is about 0.2 seconds less than the official McLaren statistics. This means that the distance between P1 and W1 in this field is summarized in only one tenth of a second.
Finally, it should be noted that various factors such as altitude above sea level, tires, weather conditions and driver’s weight can affect the time from zero to 97 km/h; Therefore, it is difficult to directly compare the statistics of the two cars in question, unless both cars are tested under almost identical conditions.
McLaren P1 and W1; Hybrid supercars
If you are even a little familiar with McLaren, you probably know that this brand has a special interest in using hybrid engines; But what does hybrid mean? Simply put, a hybrid vehicle has two power sources: usually an internal combustion engine (such as a gasoline engine) and an electric motor. The electric motor can both increase the car’s efficiency and lend extra power to the car and reduce fuel consumption when accelerating or moving at a low speed.
Keep in mind that McLaren, unlike some manufacturers such as Toyota, does not use electric motors solely for environmental purposes or to reduce fuel consumption. For McLaren, the main purpose of using electric motors in its cars is to increase the instantaneous torque and provide additional power that helps the car perform and accelerate faster.
The P1 was the first supercar that McLaren released with a hybrid system, and apparently the automaker realized the brilliance of its idea at the same time; Because since then, a wide variety of McLaren creations, including Artura and Senna, have joined the hybrid front. Of course, not everything became a hybrid; For example, in the chest of the 750S, a single internal combustion engine still beats proudly.
McLaren P1 has better electric range than W1
The W1 is the seal of approval for McLaren’s commitment to high-performance hybrid supercars. The electric engine of this engineering marvel produces 342 horsepower and 440 Nm of torque and can handle a huge SUV alone; But don’t expect much range from all-electric mode. In fact, the W1’s battery can only take the car for 2.4 to 3.2 kilometers, after which the V8 engine kicks in.
In contrast, the P1 has enough electric power to travel more than 10 kilometers on its own battery. Of course, the power of the P1 electric motor is not as powerful as that used in the W1, and this motor can only provide 177 horsepower and 260 Nm of torque.
The McLaren P1 is slightly rarer than the W1
The P1 was initially launched with a price tag of $1.15 million, But some of its special and special versions with unusual designs and features had a higher price. In the used car market, many of these models remain close to their original price, and some examples have even been sold for $2.5 million. Given the inflation of recent years, it’s not surprising that the W1 is now priced at nearly double the price of its predecessor.
In contrast, the McLaren W1 now sells for around $2.1 million; However, the final price depends on the extent to which willing buyers customize it.
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The McLaren W1 supercar is more amazing than you can imagine
On the other hand, McLaren produced a total of 375 P1s, making it one of the rarest vehicles in the world. W1 is also rare; But compared to the P1, some W1s will wear more tires on this dirt globe. McLaren plans to produce 399 units of its new supercar; All of them were registered in the name of their buyers before the official unveiling of the car.
The difference in the McLaren P1 and W1 body
Both the P1 and the W1 are aggressively designed supercars, and their appearance fits perfectly with the general mold of a supercar; But as the English say, beauty is in the eye of the beholder; This means that people may have different views about the attractiveness of each of these two cars. An important point that should not be forgotten is that the design of these cars is not only for beauty but also for practical purposes.
The design of the McLaren P1 body has made it possible to achieve a drag coefficient of 0.34Cd. The drag coefficient is a measure that shows the resistance of an object to the air flow. The lower the drag coefficient of a car, the easier the car can break the air and move forward; But the higher this coefficient is, the more force it will need to accelerate.
Thanks to its ultra-low drag coefficient, the P1 could produce 600 kg of downforce at top speed and stick to the road. The result of this feature was the excellent stability and grip of this supercar even at high speeds.
Despite the impressive performance of the P1, the spec sheet reminds us of the undisputed superiority of the W1. Thanks to its design and components such as its dynamic rear wing, McLaren’s latest behemoth can generate up to 1,000 kg of downforce and literally grip the asphalt.
The exact value of drag coefficient W1 is not yet known; But the W1 is rumored to be 20 percent more aerodynamic than the McLaren Senna, known for its excellent aerodynamic performance.
Also, the W1 managed to improve Senna’s time record for a track car by three seconds. In short, the impact of the aerodynamic and engineering advances on the W1’s performance is staggering.
Apart from all the performance issues, the W1 also shines in its styling. The design of the W1 gives the car a distinctive presence both on and off the track. This “presence” means the visual effect of the car; W1 is designed to attract attention and provoke admiration; Just like a stunning piece of art hanging on the walls of a museum.
Read more: Everything about Cybercube and Robo Van; Elon Musk’s robotic taxis
the last word; “Real supercar” McLaren
McLaren calls the W1 a “Real Supercar”. There is no doubt that McLaren’s latest supercar has surpassed the model that broke the boundaries more than a decade ago in many ways, But the W1 may have a tough road ahead of it to make the same impact that its brother did in its time.
At the time of its launch, the McLaren P1 set countless records; From setting the best times at the Nurburgring to shining at COTA (Auto Racing of America); But at that time, the competition was not so tight.
McLaren W1 alongside McLaren P1 and McLaren F1
The high-performance electric supercar revolution that has taken place in the years since the P1’s launch has changed the scene dramatically. With many automakers investing heavily in electric technology and dramatic improvements in supercar capabilities, setting new records is likely to be an even bigger challenge for the W1.
Don’t forget the McLaren F1; A model that is the most iconic supercar ever built and an irreplaceable jewel in McLaren’s history. By registering and defending the position of “the fastest production car in the world” for more than a decade, this car recorded its name as a legend in history; A record that showed its superiority in speed and engineering.
Even though more than 30 years have passed since the production of the first F1 model, this car still holds the title of the fastest production vehicle with a naturally aspirated engine (without the use of a turbocharger or supercharger). It is not without reason that the F1 is still more famous than the Jaguar XJ220 supercar and is always superior to the P1 and W1. F1’s combination of design, engineering, and performance has left a lasting legacy that continues to influence the automotive world today.
There is no doubt that the McLaren W1 represents the pinnacle of modern supercar technology, combining amazing performance with innovative hybrid technology. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, it will be exciting to watch the W1 perform not only against its predecessors but against a new generation of competitors that will challenge the boundaries of what supercars are capable of.
Technology
What is CPU; Everything you need to know about processors
Published
2 days agoon
07/11/2024What is CPU; Everything you need to know about processors
The central processing unit ( CPU ) is considered a vital element in any computer and manages all calculations and instructions that are transferred to other computer components and its peripheral equipment. Almost all electronic devices and gadgets you use; From desktops and laptops and phones to gaming consoles and smartwatches, everyone is equipped with a central processing unit; In fact, this unit is considered basic for computers, without which the system will not turn on, let alone be usable. The high speed of the central processing unit is a function of the input command, and the components of the computer only gain executive power if they are connected to this unit.
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What is a processor?
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Processor performance
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Operating units of processors
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Processor architecture
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Set of instructions
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RISC vs. CISC or ARM vs. x86
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A brief history of processor architecture
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ARM and X86-64 architecture differences
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Processor performance indicators
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Processor frequency
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cache memory
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Processing cores
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Difference between single-core and multi-core processing
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Processing threads
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What is hypertrading or SMT?
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CPU in gaming
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What is a bottleneck?
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Setting up a balanced system
Since the central processing units manage the data of all parts of the computer at the same time, it may work slowly as the volume of calculations and processes increases, or even fail or crash as the workload increases. Today, the most common central processing units on the market consist of semiconductor components on integrated circuits, which are sold in various types, and the leading manufacturers in this industry are AMD and Intel, who have been competing in this field since 50 years ago.
What is a processor?
To get to know the central processing unit (CPU), we first introduce a part of the computer called SoC very briefly. SoC, or system on a chip, is a part of a system that integrates all the components a computer needs for processing on a silicon chip. The SoC has various modules, of which the central processing unit (abbreviated as CPU) is the main component, and the GPU, memory, USB controller, power management circuits, and wireless radios (WiFi, 3G, 4G LTE, etc.) are miscellaneous components that may be necessary. not exist on the SoC. The central processing unit, which from now on and in this article will be called the processor for short, cannot process instructions independently of other chips; But building a complete computer is only possible with SoC.
The SoC is slightly larger than the CPU, yet offers much more functionality. In fact, despite the great emphasis placed on the technology and performance of the processor, this part of the computer is not a computer in itself, and it can finally be introduced as a very fast calculator that is part of the system on a chip or SoC; It retrieves data from memory and then performs some kind of arithmetic (addition, multiplication) or logical (and, or, not) operation on it.
Processor performance
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Comparison of Intel and AMD CPUs; All technical specifications and features
The process of processing instructions in the processor includes four main steps that are executed in order:
Calling or retrieving instructions from memory (Fetch): The processor first receives these instructions from memory in order to know how to manage the input and know the instructions related to it. This input may be one or infinitely many commands that must be addressed in separate locations. For this purpose, there is a unit called PC (abbreviation of Program Counter) or program counter, which maintains the order of sent commands; The processor is also constantly communicating with RAM in a cooperative interaction to find the address of the instruction (reading from memory).
Decoding or translation of instructions (Decode): Instructions are translated into a form that can be understood by the processor (machine language or binary). After receiving the commands, the processor needs to translate these codes into machine language (or binary) to understand them. Writing programs in binary language, from the very beginning, is a difficult task, and for this reason, codes are written in simpler programming languages, and then a unit called Assembler converts these commands into executable codes ready for processor processing.
Processing or execution of translated instructions (Execute): The most important step in the processor’s performance is the processing and execution of instructions. At this stage, the decoded and binary instructions are processed at a special address for execution with the help of the ALU unit (abbreviation of Arithmetic & Logic Unit) or calculation and logic unit.
Storage of execution results (Store): The results and output of instructions are stored in the peripheral memory of the processor with the help of the Register unit, so that they can be referred to in future instructions to increase speed (writing to memory).
The process described above is called a fetch-execute cycle, and it happens millions of times per second; Each time after the completion of these four main steps, it is the turn of the next command and all steps are executed again from the beginning until all the instructions are processed.
Operating units of processors
Each processor consists of three operational units that play a role in the process of processing instructions:
Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU): This is a complex digital circuit unit that performs arithmetic and comparison operations; In some processors, the ALU is divided into two sections, AU (for performing arithmetic operations) and LU (for performing logical operations).
Memory Control Unit (CU or Program Counter): This is a circuit unit that directs and manages operations within the processor and dictates how to respond to instructions to the calculation and logic unit and input and output devices. The operation of the control unit in each processor can be different depending on its design architecture.
Register unit (Register): The register unit is a unit in the processor that is responsible for temporarily storing processed data, instructions, addresses, sequence of bits, and output, and must have sufficient capacity to store these data. Processors with 64-bit architecture have registers with 64-bit capacity, and processors with 32-bit architecture have 32-bit registers.
Processor architecture
The relationship between the instructions and the processor hardware design forms the processor architecture; But what is 64 or 32-bit architecture? What are the differences between these two architectures? To answer this question, we must first familiarize ourselves with the set of instructions and how to perform their calculations:
Set of instructions
An instruction set is a set of operations that any processor can execute naturally. This operation consists of several thousands of simple and elementary instructions (such as addition, multiplication, transfer, etc.) whose execution is defined in advance for the processor, and if the operation is outside the scope of this set of instructions, the processor cannot execute it.
As mentioned, the processor is responsible for executing programs. These programs are a set of instructions written in a programming language that must be followed in a logical order and exactly step-by-step execution.
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What is the difference between mobile, laptop, desktop, and server processors?
Since computers do not understand programming languages directly, these instructions must be translated into a machine language or binary form that is easier for computers to understand. The binary form consists of only two numbers zero and one and shows the two possible states of on (one) or off (zero) transistors for the passage of electricity.
In fact, each processor can be considered a set of electrical circuits that provide a set of instructions to the processor, and then the circuits related to that operation are activated by an electrical signal and the processor executes it.
Instructions consist of a certain number of bits. For example, in an 8-bit instruction; Its first 4 bits refer to the operation code and the next 4 bits refer to the data to be used. The length of an instruction set can vary from a few bits to several hundreds of bits and in some architectures it has different lengths.
In general, the set of instructions is divided into the following two main categories:
- Computer calculations with a reduced instruction set (Reduced instruction set computer): For a RISC-based processor (read risk), the set of defined operations is simple and basic. These types of calculations perform processes faster and more efficiently and are optimized to reduce execution time; RISC does not need to have complex circuits and its design cost is low. RISC-based processors complete each instruction in a single cycle and only operate on data stored in registers; So, they are simple instructions, they have a higher frequency, the information routing structure in them is more optimal, and they load and store operations on registers.
- Complex instruction set computer: CISC processors have an additional layer of microcode or microprogramming in which they convert complex instructions into simple instructions (such as addition or multiplication). Programmable instructions are stored in fast memory and can be updated. In this type of instruction set, a larger number of instructions can be included than in RICS, and their format can be of variable length. In fact, CISC is almost the opposite of RISC. CISC instructions can span multiple processor cycles, and data routing is not as efficient as RISC processors. In general, CISC-based processors can perform multiple operations during a single complex instruction, but they take multiple cycles along the way.
RISC vs. CISC or ARM vs. x86
RISC and CISC are the two starting and ending points of this spectrum in the instruction set category, and various other combinations are also visible. First, let’s state the basic differences between RISC and CISC:
RICS or Reduced Code of Practice |
CISC or Complex Instruction Set |
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RISC instruction sets are simple; They perform only one operation and the processor can process them in one cycle. |
CISC instructions perform multiple operations, but the processor cannot process them in a single cycle. |
RISC-based processors have more optimized and simpler information routing; The design of these commands is so simple that they can be implemented in parts. |
CISC-based processors are complex in nature, and instructions are more difficult to execute. |
RISC-based processors require stored data to execute instructions. |
In CISC-based processors, it is possible to work with instructions directly through RAM, and there is no need to load operations separately. |
RISC does not require complex hardware and all operations are performed by software. |
CISC design hardware requirements are higher. CISC instructions are implemented using hardware, and software is often simpler than RISC. This is why programs based on the CISC design require less coding and the instructions themselves do a large part of the operation. |
As mentioned, in the design of today’s modern processors, a combination of these two sets (CISC or RISC) is used. For example, AMD’s x86 architecture originally uses the CISC instruction set, but is also equipped with microcode to simplify complex RISC-like instructions. Now that we have explained the differences between the two main categories of instruction sets, we will examine their application in processor architecture.
If you pay attention to the processor architecture when choosing a phone or tablet, you will notice that some models use Intel processors, while others are based on ARM architecture.
Suppose that different processors each have different instruction sets, in which case each must be compiled separately for each processor to run different programs. For example, for each processor from the AMD family, it was necessary to develop a separate Windows or thousands of versions of the Photoshop program were written for different processors. For this reason, standard architectures based on RISC or CISC categories or a combination of the two were designed and the specifications of these standards were made available to everyone. ARM, PowerPC, x86-64, and IA-64 are examples of these architecture standards, and below we introduce two of the most important ones and their differences:
A brief history of processor architecture
In 1823, a person named Baron Jones Jacob Berzelius discovered the chemical element silicon (symbol Si, atomic number 14) for the first time. Due to its abundance and strong semiconductor properties, this element is used as the main material in making processors and computer chips. Almost a century later, in 1947, John Bardeen , Walter Brattin and William Shockley invented the first transistor at Bell Labs and received the Nobel Prize.
The first efficient integrated circuit (IC) was unveiled in September 1958, and two years later IBM developed the first automated mass production facility for transistors in New York. Intel was founded in 1968 and AMD was founded a year later.
The first processor was invented by Intel in the early 1970s; This processor was called Intel 4004 and with the benefit of 2,300 transistors, it performed 60,000 operations per second. The Intel 4004 CPU was priced at 200 and had only 640 bytes of memory:
Intel CPU C4004 P0339
After Intel, Motorola introduced its first 8-bit processor (the MC6800) with a frequency of one to two MHz, and then MOS Technology introduced a faster and cheaper processor than the existing processors used in gaming consoles of the time, namely the Atari 2600 and Nintendo systems. Used like Apple II and Commodore 64. The first 32-bit processor was developed by Motorola in 1979, although this processor was only used in Apple’s Macintosh and Amiga computers. A little later, National Semiconductor released the first 32-bit processor for public use.
In 1993, PowerPC released its first processor based on a 32-bit instruction set; This processor was developed by the AIM consortium (consisting of three companies Apple, IBM, and Motorola) and Apple migrated from Intel to PowerPC at that time.
The difference between 32-bit and 64-bit processor (x86 vs. x64): Simply put, the x86 architecture refers to a family of instructions that was used in one of the most successful Intel processors, the 8086, and if a processor is compatible with the x86 architecture, that processor known as x86-64 or x86-32 for Windows 32 (and 16) versions bit is used; 64-bit processors are called x64 and 32-bit processors are called x86.
The biggest difference between 32-bit and 64-bit processors is their different access to RAM:
The maximum physical memory of x86 architecture or 32-bit processors is limited to 4 GB; While x64 architecture (or 64-bit processors) can access physical memory of 8, 16, and sometimes even up to 32 GB. A 64-bit computer can run both 32-bit and 64-bit programs; In contrast, a 32-bit computer can only run 32-bit programs.
In most cases, 64-bit processors are more efficient than 32-bit processors when processing large amounts of data. To find out which programs your operating system supports (32-bit or 64-bit), just follow one of the following two paths:
- Press the Win + X keys to bring up the context menu and then click System. -> In the window that opens, find the System type section in the Device specification section. You can see whether your Windows is 64-bit or 32-bit from this section.
- Type the term msinfo32 in the Windows search box and click on the displayed System Information. -> From the System Information section on the right, find the System type and see if your Windows operating system is based on x64 or X32.
The first route
The second path
ARM was a type of computer processor architecture that was introduced by Acorn in 1980; Before ARM, AMD, and Intel both used Intel’s X86 architecture, based on CISC computing, and IBM also used RISC computing in its workstations. In fact, Acorn was the first company to develop a home computer based on RISC computing, and its architecture was named after ARM itself: Acorn RISC Machine. The company did not manufacture processors and instead sold licenses to use the ARM architecture to other processor manufacturers. Acorn Holding changed the name Acorn to Advanced a few years later.
The ARM architecture processes 32-bit instructions, and the core of a processor based on this architecture requires at least 35,000 transistors. Processors designed based on Intel’s x86 architecture, which processes based on CISC calculations, require at least millions of transistors; In fact, the optimal energy consumption in ARM-based processors and their suitability for devices such as phones or tablets is related to the low number of transistors compared to Intel’s X86 architecture.
In 2011, ARM introduced the ARMv8 architecture with support for 64-bit instructions and a year after that, Microsoft also launched a Windows version compatible with the ARM architecture along with the Surface RT tablet.
ARM and X86-64 architecture differences
The ARM architecture is designed to be as simple as possible while keeping power dissipation to a minimum. On the other hand, Intel uses more complex settings with the X86 architecture, which is more suitable for more powerful desktop and laptop processors.
Computers moved to 64-bit architecture after Intel introduced the modern x86-64 architecture (also known as x64). 64-bit architecture is essential for optimal calculations and performs 3D rendering and encryption with greater accuracy and speed. Today, both architectures support 64-bit instructions, but this technology came earlier for mobile.
When ARM implemented 64-bit architecture in ARMv8, it took two approaches to this architecture: AArch32 and AArch64. The first one is used to run 32-bit codes and the other one is used to run 64-bit codes.
ARM architecture is designed in such a way that it can switch between two modes very quickly. This means that the 64-bit instruction decoder no longer needs to be compatible with 32-bit instructions and is designed to be backward compatible, although ARM has announced that processors based on the ARMv9 Cortex-A architecture will only be compatible with 64-bit instructions in 2023. and support for 32-bit applications and operating systems will end in next-generation processors.
The differences between ARM and Intel architecture largely reflect the achievements and challenges of these two companies. The approach of optimal energy consumption in the ARM architecture, while being suitable for power consumption under 5 watts in mobile phones, provides the possibility of improving the performance of processors based on this architecture to the level of Intel laptop processors. Compared to Intel’s 100-watt power consumption in Core i7 and Core i9 processors or even AMD processors, it is a great achievement in high-end desktops and servers, although historically it is not possible to lower this power below 5 watts.
Processors that use more advanced transistors consume less power, and Intel has long been trying to upgrade its lithography from 14nm to more advanced lithography. The company recently succeeded in producing its processors with the 10nm manufacturing process, but in the meantime, mobile processors have also moved from 20nm to 14nm, 10nm, and 7nm designs, which is a result of competition from Samsung and TSMC. On the other hand, AMD unveiled 7nm processors in the Ryzen series and surpassed its x86-64 architecture competitors.
Nanometer: A meter divided by a thousand is equal to a millimeter, a millimeter divided by a thousand is equal to a micrometer, and a micrometer divided by a thousand is equal to a nanometer, in other words, a nanometer is a billion times smaller than a meter.
Lithography or manufacturing process: lithography is a Greek word that means lithography, which refers to the way components are placed in processors, or the process of producing and forming circuits; This process is carried out by specialized manufacturers in this field, such as TSMC. In lithography, since the production of the first processors until a few years ago, nanometers showed the distances of placing processor components together; For example, the 14nm lithography of the Skylake series processors in 2015 meant that the components of that processor were separated by 14nm. At that time, it was believed that the less lithography or processor manufacturing process, the more efficient energy consumption and better performance.
The distance between the placement of components in processors is not so relevant nowadays and the processes used to make these products are more contractual; Because it is no longer possible to reduce these distances beyond a certain limit without reducing productivity. In general, with the passage of time, the advancement of technology, the design of different transistors, and the increase in the number of these transistors in the processor, manufacturers have adopted various other solutions such as 3D stacking to place transistors on the processors.
The most unique feature of ARM architecture can be considered as keeping the power consumption low in running mobile applications; This achievement comes from ARM’s heterogeneous processing capability; ARM architecture allows processing to be divided between powerful and low-power cores, and as a result, energy is used more efficiently.
ARM’s first attempt in this field dates back to the big.LITTLE architecture in 2011, when the large Cortex-A15 cores and the small Cortex-A7 cores arrived. The idea of using powerful cores for heavy applications and using low-power cores for light and background processing may not have been given as much attention as it should be, but ARM experienced many unsuccessful attempts and failures to achieve it; Today, ARM is the dominant architecture in the market: for example, iPads and iPhones use ARM architecture exclusively.
In the meantime, Intel’s Atom processors, which did not benefit from heterogeneous processing, could not compete with the performance and optimal consumption of processors based on ARM architecture, and this made Intel lag behind ARM.
Finally, in 2020, Intel was able to use a hybrid architecture for cores with a powerful core (Sunny Cove) and four low-consumption cores (Tremont) in the design of its 10 nm Lakefield processors, and in addition to this achievement, it also uses graphics and connectivity capabilities. , but this product was made for laptops with a power consumption of 7 watts, which is still considered high consumption for phones.
Another important distinction between Intel and ARM is in the way they use their design. Intel uses its developed architecture in the processors it manufactures and sells the architecture in its products, while ARM sells its design and architecture certification with customization capabilities to other companies, such as Apple, Samsung, and Qualcomm, and these companies They can make changes in the set of instructions of this architecture and design depending on their goals.
Manufacturing custom processors is expensive and complicated for companies that manufacture these products, but if done right, the end products can be very powerful. For example, Apple has repeatedly proven that customizing the ARM architecture can bring the company’s processors to par with x84-64 or beyond.
Apple eventually plans to remove all Intel-based processors from its Mac products and replace them with ARM-based silicon. The M1 chip is Apple’s first attempt in this direction, which was released along with MacBook Air, MacBook Pro and Mac Mini. After that, the M1 Max and M1 Ultra chips also showed that the ARM architecture combined with Apple’s improvements could challenge the x86-64 architecture.
As mentioned earlier, standard architectures based on RISC or CISC categories or a combination of the two were designed and the specifications of these standards were made available to everyone; Applications and software must be compiled for the processor architecture on which they run. This issue was not a big concern before due to the limitations of different platforms and architectures, but today the number of applications that need different compilations to run on different platforms has increased.
ARM-based Macs, Google’s Chrome OS, and Microsoft’s Windows are all examples in today’s world that require software to run on both ARM and x86-64 architectures. Native software compilation is the only solution that can be used in such a situation.
In fact, for these platforms, it is possible to simulate each other’s code, and the code compiled for one architecture can be executed on another architecture. It goes without saying that such an approach to the initial development of an application compatible with any platform is accompanied by a decrease in performance, but the very possibility of simulating the code can be very promising for now.
After years of development, currently, the Windows emulator for a platform based on ARM architecture provides acceptable performance for running most applications, Android applications also run more or less satisfactorily on Chromebooks based on Intel architecture, and Apple, which has a special code translation tool for has developed itself (Rosetta 2) supports older Mac applications that were developed for the Intel architecture.
However, as mentioned, all three perform weaker in the implementation of programs than if the program was written from scratch for each platform separately. In general, the architecture of ARM and Intel X86-64 can be compared as follows:
architecture |
ARM |
X86-64 |
---|---|---|
CISC vs. RISC |
The ARM architecture is an architecture for processors and therefore does not have a single manufacturer. This technology is used in the processors of Android phones and iPhones. |
The X86 architecture is produced by Intel and is exclusively used in desktop and laptop processors of this company. |
Complexity of instructions |
The ARM architecture uses only one cycle to execute an instruction, and this feature makes processors based on this architecture more suitable for devices that require simpler processing. |
The Intel architecture (or the X86 architecture associated with 32-bit Windows applications) often uses CISC computing and therefore has a slightly more complex instruction set and requires several cycles to execute. |
Mobile CPUs vs. Desktop CPUs |
The dependence of the ARM architecture on the software makes this architecture be used more in the design of phone processors; ARM (in general) works better on smaller technologies that don’t have constant access to the power supply. |
Because Intel’s X86 architecture relies more on hardware, this architecture is typically used to design processors for larger devices such as desktops; Intel focuses more on performance and is considered a better architecture for a wider range of technologies. |
Energy consumption |
The ARM architecture not only consumes less energy thanks to its single-cycle computing set but also has a lower operating temperature than Intel’s X86 architecture; ARM architectures are great for designing phone processors because they reduce the amount of energy required to keep the system running and execute the user’s requested commands. |
Intel’s architecture is focused on performance, so it won’t be a problem for desktop or laptop users who have access to an unlimited power source. |
Processor speed |
CPUs based on ARM architecture are usually slower than their Intel counterparts because they perform calculations with lower power for optimal consumption. |
Processors based on Intel’s X86 architecture are used for faster computing. |
operating system |
ARM architecture is more efficient in the design of Android phone processors and is considered the dominant architecture in this market; Although devices based on the X86 architecture can also run a full range of Android applications, these applications must be translated before running. This scenario requires time and energy, so battery life and overall processor performance may suffer. |
Intel architecture reigns as the dominant architecture in tablets and Windows operating systems. Of course, in 2019, Microsoft released the Surface Pro X with a processor that uses ARM architecture and could run the full version of Windows. If you are a gamer or if you have expectations from your tablet beyond running the full version of Windows, it is better to still use the Intel architecture. |
During the competition between Arm and x86 over the past ten years, ARM can be considered the winning architecture for low-power devices such as phones. This architecture has also made great strides in laptops and other devices that require optimal energy consumption. On the other hand, although Intel has lost the phone market, the efforts of this manufacturer to optimize energy consumption have been accompanied by significant improvements over the years, and with the development of hybrid architecture, such as the combination of Lakefield and Alder Lake, now more than ever, there are many commonalities with processors. It is based on Arm architecture. Arm and x86 are distinctly different from an engineering point of view, and each has its own individual strengths and weaknesses, however, today it is no longer easy to distinguish between the use cases of the two, as both architectures are increasingly supported. It is increasing in ecosystems.
Processor performance indicators
Processor performance has a great impact on the speed of loading programs and their smooth execution, and there are various measures to measure the performance of each processor, of which frequency (clock speed) is one of the most important. So be careful, the frequency of each core can be considered as a criterion for measuring its processing power, but this criterion does not necessarily represent the overall performance of the processor and many things such as the number of cores and threads, internal architecture (synergy between cores), cache memory capacity, Overclocking capability, thermal power, power consumption, IPC, etc. were also considered to judge the overall performance of the processor.
Synergy is an effect that results from the flow or interaction of two or more elements. If this effect is greater than the sum of the effects that each of those individual elements could create, then synergy has occurred.
In the following, we will explain more about the factors influencing the performance of the processor:
Processor frequency
One of the most important factors in choosing and buying a processor is its frequency (Clock Speed), which is usually a fixed number for all its cores. The number of operations that the processor performs per second is known as its speed and is expressed in Hertz, MHz (MHz for older processors), or GHz.
At the same frequency, a processor with a higher IPC can do more processing and is more powerful
More precisely, frequency refers to the number of computing cycles that processor cores perform per second and is measured in GHz (GHz-billion cycles per second).
For example, a 3.2 GHz processor performs 3.2 billion operations per second. In the early 1970s, processors passed the frequency of one megahertz (MHz) or running one million cycles per second, and around 2000 the gigahertz (GHz) unit of measurement equal to one billion hertz was chosen to measure their frequency.
Sometimes, multiple instructions are completed in one cycle, and in some cases, an instruction may be processed in multiple cycles. Since different architectures and designs of each processor perform instructions in a different way, the processing power of their cores can be different depending on the architecture. In fact, without knowing the number of instructions processed per cycle (IPC) comparing the frequency of two processors is completely meaningless.
Suppose we have two processors; One is produced by Company A and the other by Company B, and the frequency of both of them is the same and equal to one GHz. If we have no other information, we may consider these two processors to be the same in terms of performance; But if company A’s processor completes one instruction per cycle and company B’s processor can complete two instructions per cycle. Obviously, the second processor will perform faster than the A processor.
In simpler words, at the same frequency, a processor with a higher IPC can do more processing and is more powerful. So, to properly evaluate the performance of each processor, in addition to the frequency, you will also need the number of instructions it performs in each cycle.
Therefore, it is better to compare the frequency of each processor with the frequency of processors of the same series and generations with the same processor. It’s possible that a processor from five years ago with a high frequency will outperform a newer processor with a lower frequency because newer architectures handle instructions more efficiently.
Intel’s X-series processors may outperform higher-frequency K-series processors because they split tasks between more cores and have larger caches; On the other hand, in the same generation of processors, a processor with a higher frequency usually performs better than a processor with a lower frequency in many applications. This is why the manufacturer company and processor generation are very important when comparing processors.
Base frequency and boost frequency: The base frequency of any processor is the minimum frequency that the processor works with when idle or when performing light processing; on the other hand, the boost frequency is a measure that shows how much the processor performs when performing heavier calculations or more demanding processes. can increase. Boost frequencies are automatically applied and limited by heat from heavy processing before the processor reaches unsafe levels of computing.
In fact, it is not possible to increase the frequency of a processor without physical limitations (mainly electricity and heat), and when the frequency reaches about 3 GHz, the power consumption increases disproportionately.
Cache memory
Another factor that affects the performance of the processor is the capacity of the processor’s cache memory or RAM; This type of RAM works much faster than the main RAM of the system due to being located near the processor and the processor uses it to temporarily store data and reduce the time of transferring data to/from the system memory.
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What is L2, L1, and L3 cache memory and what effect does it have on processor performance?
Therefore, cache can also have a large impact on processor performance; The more RAM the processor has, the better its performance will be. Fortunately, nowadays all users can access benchmark tools and evaluate the performance of processors themselves, regardless of manufacturers’ claims.
Cache memory can be multi-layered and is indicated by the letter L. Usually, processors have up to three or four layers of cache memory, the first layer (L1) is faster than the second layer (L2), the second layer is faster than the third layer (L3), and the third layer is faster than the fourth layer (L4). . The cache memory usually offers up to several tens of megabytes of space to store, and the more space there is, the higher the price of the processor will be.
The cache memory is responsible for maintaining data; This memory has a higher speed than the RAM of the computer and therefore reduces the delay in the execution of commands; In fact, the processor first checks the cache memory to access desired data, and if the desired data is not present in that memory, it goes to the RAM.
- Level one cache memory (L1), which is called the first cache memory or internal cache; is the closest memory to the processor and has high speed and smaller volume than other levels of cache memory, this memory stores the most important data needed for processing; Because the processor, when processing an instruction, first of all goes to the level one cache memory.
- Level two (L2) cache memory, which is called external cache memory, has a lower speed and a larger volume than L1, and depending on the processor structure, it may be used jointly or separately. Unlike L1, L2 was placed on the motherboard in old computers, but today, in new processors, this memory is placed on the processor itself and has less delay than the next layer of cache, namely L3.
- The L3 cache memory is the memory that is shared by all the cores in the processor and has a larger capacity than the L1 or L2 cache memory, but it is slower in terms of speed.
- Like L3, L4 cache has a larger volume and lower speed than L1 or L2; L3 or L4 are usually shared.
Processing cores
The core is the processing unit of the processor that can independently perform or process all computing tasks. From this point of view, the core can be considered as a small processor in the whole central processing unit. This part of the processor consists of the same operational units of calculation and logical operations (ALU), memory control (CU), and registers (Register) that perform the process of processing instructions with a fetch-execution cycle.
In the beginning, processors worked with only one core, but today processors are mostly multi-core, with at least two or more cores on an integrated circuit, processing two or more processes simultaneously. Note that each core can only execute one instruction at a time. Processors equipped with multiple cores execute sets of instructions or programs using parallel processing (Parallel Computing) faster than before. Of course, having more cores does not mean increasing the overall performance of the processor. Because many programs do not yet use parallel processing.
- Single-core processors: The oldest type of processor is a single-core processor that can execute only one command at a time and is not efficient for multitasking. In this processor, the start of a process requires the end of the previous operation, and if more than one program is executed, the performance of the processor will decrease significantly. The performance of a single-core processor is calculated by measuring its power and based on frequency.
- Dual-core processors: A dual-core processor consists of two strong cores and has the same performance as two single-core processors. The difference between this processor and a single-core processor is that it switches back and forth between a variable array of data streams, and if more threads or threads are running, a dual-core processor can handle multiple processing tasks more efficiently.
- Quad-core processors: A quad-core processor is an optimized model of a multi-core processor that divides the workload between cores and provides more effective multitasking capabilities by benefiting from four cores; Hence, it is more suitable for gamers and professional users.
- Six-core processors (Hexa-Core): Another type of multi-core processor is a six-core processor that performs processes at a higher speed than four-core and two-core types. For example, Intel’s Core i7 processors have six cores and are suitable for everyday use.
- Octa-Core processors: Octa-core processors are developed with eight independent cores and offer better performance than previous types; These processors include a dual set of quad-core processors that divide different activities between different types. This means that in many cases, the minimum required cores are used for processing, and if there is an emergency or need, the other four cores are also used in performing calculations.
- Ten-core processors (Deca-Core): Ten-core processors consist of ten independent systems that are more powerful than other processors in executing and managing processes. These processors are faster than other types and perform multitasking in the best possible way, and more and more of them are released to the market day by day.
Difference between single-core and multi-core processing
In general, it can be said that the choice between a powerful single-core processor and a multi-core processor with normal power depends only on the way of use, and there is no pre-written version for everyone. The powerful performance of single-core processors is important for use in software applications that do not need or cannot use multiple cores. Having more cores doesn’t necessarily mean faster, but if a program is optimized to use multiple cores, it will run faster with more cores. In general, if you mostly use applications that are optimized for single-core processing, you probably won’t benefit from a processor with a large number of cores.
Let’s say you want to take 2 people from point A to B, of course a Lamborghini will do just fine, but if you want to transport 50 people, a bus can be a faster solution than multiple Lamborghini commutes. The same goes for single-core versus multi-core processing.
In recent years and with the advancement of technology, processor cores have become increasingly smaller, and as a result, more cores can be placed on a processor chip, and the operating system and software must also be optimized to use more cores to divide instructions and execute them simultaneously. allocate different If this is done correctly, we will see an impressive performance.
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How do processors use multiple cores?
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How do Windows and other operating systems use multiple cores in a processor?
In traditional multi-core processors, all cores were implemented the same and had the same performance and power rating. The problem with these processors was that when the processor is idle or doing light processing, it is not possible to lower the energy consumption beyond a certain limit. This issue is not a concern in conditions of unlimited access to power sources but can be problematic in conditions where the system relies on batteries or a limited power source for processing.
This is where the concept of asymmetric processor design was born. For smartphones, Intel quickly adopted a solution that some cores are more powerful and provide better performance, and some cores are implemented in a low-consumption way; These cores are only good for running background tasks or running basic applications such as reading and writing email or browsing the web.
High-powered cores automatically kick in when you launch a video game or when a heavy program needs more performance to do a specific task.
Although the combination of high-power and low-consumption cores in processors is not a new idea, using this combination in computers was not so common, at least until the release of the 12th generation Alder Lake processors by Intel.
In each model of Intel’s 12th generation processors, there are E cores (low consumption) and P cores (powerful); The ratio between these two types of cores can be different, but for example, in Alder Lake Core i9 series processors, eight cores are intended for heavy processing and eight cores for light processing. The i7 and i5 series have 8.4 and 6.4 designs for P and E cores, respectively.
There are many advantages to having a hybrid architecture approach in processor cores, and laptop users will benefit the most, because most daily tasks such as web browsing, etc., do not require intensive performance. If only low-power cores are involved, the computer or laptop will not heat up and the battery will last longer.
Low-power cores are simple and inexpensive to produce, so using them to boost and free up powerful, advanced cores seems like a smart idea.
Even if you have your system connected to a power source, the presence of low-power cores will be efficient. For example, if you are engaged in gaming and this process requires all the power of the processor, powerful cores can meet this need, and low-power cores are also responsible for running background processes or programs such as Skype, etc.
At least in the case of Intel’s Alder Lake processors, the P and E cores are designed to not interfere with each other so that each can perform tasks independently. Unfortunately, since combining different processors is a relatively new concept for x86 processors, this fundamental change in the x86 architecture is fraught with problems.
Before the idea of hybrid cores (or the combination of powerful cores or P and low consumption or E) was proposed, software developers had a reason to develop their products. They did not see a form compatible with this architecture, so their software was not aware of the difference between low-consumption and high-consumption cores, and this caused in some cases Reports of crashes or strange behavior of some software (such as Denuvo).
Processing threads
Processing threads are threads of instructions that are sent to the processor for processing; Each processor is normally capable of processing one instruction, which is called the main instruction, and if two instructions are sent to the processor, the second instruction is executed after the first instruction is executed. This process can slow down the speed and performance of the processor. In this regard, processor manufacturers divide each physical core into two virtual cores (Thread), each of which can execute a separate processing thread, and each core, having two threads, can execute two processing threads at the same time.
Active processing versus passive processing
Active processing refers to the process that requires the user to manually set data to complete an instruction; Common examples of active processing include motion design, 3D modeling, video editing, or gaming. In this type of processing, single-core performance and high-core speed are very important, so in the implementation of such processing, we need fewer, but more powerful, cores to benefit from smooth performance.
Passive processing, on the other hand, is instructions that can usually be easily executed in parallel and left alone, such as 3D rendering and video; Such processing requires processors with a large number of cores and a higher base frequency, such as AMD’s Threadripper series processors.
One of the influential factors in performing passive processing is the high number of threads and their ability to be used. In simple words, a thread is a set of data that is sent to the processor for processing from an application and allows the processor to perform several tasks at the same time in an efficient and fast way; In fact, it is because of the threads in the system that you can listen to music while surfing the web.
Threads are not physical components of the processor but represent the amount of processing that the processor cores can do, and to execute several very intensive instructions simultaneously, you will need a processor with a large number of threads.
The number of threads in each processor is directly related to the number of cores; In fact, each core can usually have two threads and all processors have active threads that allocate at least one thread to perform each process.
What is hypertrading or SMT?
Hyperthreading in Intel processors and simultaneous multithreading (SMT) in AMD processors are concepts to show the process of dividing physical cores into virtual cores; In fact, these two features are a solution for scheduling and executing instructions that are sent to the processor without interruption.
Today, most processors are equipped with hyperthreading or SMT capability and run two threads per core. However, some low-end processors, such as Intel’s Celeron series or AMD’s Ryzen 3 series, do not support this feature and only have one thread per core. Even some high-end Intel processors come with disabled hyperthreading for various reasons such as market segmentation, so it is generally better to read the Cores & Threads description section before buying any processor. Check it out.
Hyperthreading or simultaneous multithreading helps to schedule instructions more efficiently and use parts of the core that are currently inactive. At best, threads provide about 50% more performance compared to physical cores.
In general, if you’re only doing active processing like 3D modeling during the day, you probably won’t be using all of your CPU’s cores; Because this type of processing usually only runs on one or two cores, but for processing such as rendering that requires all the power of the processor cores and available threads, using hyperthreading or SMT can make a significant difference in performance.
CPU in gaming
Before the release of multi-core processors, computer games were developed for single-core systems, but after the introduction of the first dual-core processor in 2005 by AMD and the release of four, six and eight-core processors after that, there is no longer a limit to the help of more cores. did not have Because the ability to execute several different operations at the same time was provided for the processors.
In order to have a satisfactory gaming experience, every gamer must choose a balanced processor and graphics processor (we will examine the graphics processor and its function in a separate article) in a balanced way. If the processor has a weak or slow performance and cannot execute commands fast enough, the system graphics cannot use its maximum power; Of course, the opposite is also true. In such a situation, we say that the graphics has become a bottleneck.
What is a bottleneck?
In the field of computers, botlink (or bottleneck) is said to limit the performance of a component as a result of the difference in the maximum capabilities of two hardware components. Simply put, if the graphics unit receives instructions faster than the processor can send them, the unit will sit idle until the next set of instructions is ready, rendering fewer frames per second; In this situation, the level of graphics performance is limited due to processor limitations.
The same may happen in the opposite direction. If a powerful processor sends commands to it faster than the graphics unit can receive, the processor’s capabilities are limited by the poor performance of the graphics.
In fact, a system that consists of a suitable processor and graphics, provides a better and smoother performance to the user. Such a system is called a balanced system. In general, a balanced system is a system in which the hardware does not create bottlenecks (or bottlenecks) for the user’s desired processes and provides a better user experience without disproportionate use (too much or too little) of system components.
It is better to pay attention to a few points to set up a balanced system:
- You can’t set up a balanced system for an ideal gaming experience by just buying the most expensive processor and graphics available in the market.
- Butlink is not necessarily caused by the quality or oldness of the components and is directly related to the performance of the system hardware.
- Graphics botlinking is not specific to advanced systems, and balance is also very important in systems with low-end hardware.
- The creation of botlinks is not exclusive to the processor and graphics, but the interaction between these two components prevents this problem to a large extent.
Setting up a balanced system
In the case of gaming or graphics processing, when the graphics do not use their maximum power, the effect of processor power on improving the quality of the user’s gaming experience will be noticeable if there is high coordination between the graphics unit and the processor; In addition, the type and model of the game are also two important factors in choosing hardware. Currently, quad-core processors can still be used to run various games, but Hexa-core processors or more will definitely give you smoother performance. Today, multi-core processors for games such as first-person shooters (FPS) or online multiplayer games are considered essential for any gaming system.
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