Technology
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 6 review
Published
1 month agoon
![Z Flip 6](https://elixirofscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/images-1.jpg)
![Z Flip 6](https://elixirofscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/images-1.jpg)
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 6 review
In 2020, when Samsung unveiled the first generation of foldable phones Galaxy Z Fold and Galaxy Z Flip, many users and experts believed that this new form could become a new soft in the smartphone world in the very near future. In fact, at that time, it was expected that all companies would gradually enter the competition for foldable phones. Smaller Chinese companies quickly started making lower-quality and weirder models, and after a while, the giants of the Chinese smartphone industry also entered the race to keep up with their Korean neighbors.
From the beginning, foldable phones faced several basic problems: firstly, due to the novelty of the market, no company could claim to produce the best form factor for foldable phones; It is enough to remember the first generation Galaxy Z Fold with its funny external display, it was not clear how Samsung engineers showed it as a final product to the company’s senior executives.
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Galaxy Z Flip 6 video review
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Eye-catching design with millimeter changes
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Bright display with a very wide aspect ratio
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Optimal performance and charging; Goodbye 8GB RAM
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One UI interface with artificial intelligence
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Dual camera with normal experience
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Main camera function
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Ultrawide camera performance
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Galaxy Z Flip 6 against competitors
The next big problem of foldable phones was the display, which faced the manufacturing companies with two basic challenges: firstly, due to the use of plastic to make the screen flexible, the vulnerability increased significantly; For example, in the early generations of almost all foldables, when touching the screen, it was enough for your finger to be on the screen at a slight angle and your fingernails to hit it, so that a permanent line would become a guest of your expensive phone. The folding in the middle of the screen, which was supposed to become fainter and fainter in a few generations, was the next challenge that had such a negative impact on the opinion of users about foldables that companies like Motorola tried to eliminate it in any way and using creative engineering techniques.
The last and perhaps the biggest problem of foldable phones was their space price; The first generation Galaxy Z Flip cost $1,500 and the Galaxy Fold cost nearly $2,000. This point made Samsung and competing companies choose weaker hardware for their foldable phones to prevent further increases in the final price of the devices. As a result, flip phones were equipped with weaker batteries and cameras than their much cheaper competitors.
The problems with foldable phones are still there, and the price problem has gotten worse
In recent years, all of the challenges that foldable smartphones have faced have made them not very popular with users; The truth is that except for geeks and technology junkies or users with rich and generous friends to give as gifts, the number of ordinary users who decide to pay several tens of millions of Tomans (or several hundred dollars) more and a phone with weaker hardware; But with a different design and format, it seems very, very rare to buy them, and the statistics confirm this opinion.
Currently, according to the latest reports of the TrendForce Institute, foldable phones account for only one percent of the total share of smartphones sold around the world. According to the CounterPoint Institute, nearly half of the users of foldable phones prefer the clamshell form similar to the Galaxy Z flips; In contrast, 35% are in favor of models similar to Folds, and 15% do not see a difference between the two form factors. According to Statista statistics, by the end of 2023, Samsung will have about 70% of the foldable phone market and will be considered the uncontested king of this segment of the smartphone world. However this absolute superiority has become a big challenge for the Korean giant.
Galaxy Z Flip 6 technical specifications table |
|
---|---|
hardware |
Description |
Dimensions |
Unfolded: 165.1 x 71.9 x 6.9 mm Folded: 85.1 x 71.9 x 14.9 mm |
Weight |
187 grams |
Internal display |
6.7 inches LTPO Dynamic AMOLED 2X 120 Hz – HDR10+ support |
External display |
3.4 inches Super AMOLED |
chip |
Snapdragon 8 Generation 3 |
RAM and internal memory |
256GB 12GB RAM 512GB 12GB RAM |
Main camera |
50 megapixels f/1.8 – optical image stabilization |
Other cameras |
12 megapixel ultrawide – f/2.2 10-megapixel selfie |
filming |
4K@30/60fps 1080p@60/120/240fps 720p@960fps |
battery |
4000 mAh |
Charging technology |
25 watts 15 watts wireless 4.5W reverse wireless |
The question facing Samsung is simple; But it seems very deep: in a market without competitors, how to improve? Samsung’s approach in recent years shows that company managers either do not believe in this question or do not take it very seriously. The example for our claim will be the changes, improvements, and pricing model of Samsung foldable phones during the years 2020 to 2024. Millimeter changes and incremental updates might make sense for a fully established phone like the Galaxy S24 Ultra, But it’s definitely not what users of a new form of smartphone like foldable would expect.
Considering all the circumstances and taking into account that the Galaxy Z Flip 5 also had minor changes compared to the Z Flip 4, stay with me as I review the Galaxy Z Flip 6.
Eye-catching design with millimeter changes
In the design department, everything goes smoothly and without challenges. At first glance, it seems that the Galaxy Z Flip 6 has not changed anything compared to the Galaxy Z Flip 5; But with a little closer look, you can see the minor and somewhat impressive changes of the new generation.
In terms of dimensions, almost everything remains the same; The weight of the phone is 187 grams, and in the unfolded state, the length, width, and thickness are measured at 165.1, 71.9, and 6.9 mm, respectively, which are the same numbers obtained in the measurement of the Galaxy Z Flip 5. We can easily conclude that in the closed state, we are facing the same numbers of 85.1 and 71.9 mm for length and width; But the thickness of Galaxy Z Flip 6 in this situation is reduced by 0.02 mm, showing a change in the hinge design of the phone.
The outer screen is designed and made in the same irregular shape as the Galaxy Z Flip 5; With the knowledge that we have of Samsung Display’s ability to make different shapes of screens, Koreans probably don’t have any particular problem with making the outer screen full screen; But so far this has not happened and we have to admit that Motorola’s foldable all-encompassing display; Like the Razer 50 Ultra, it looks much more attractive and exciting. Samsung may claim that the outer screen of Z Flip 6 has a more practical design; But in fact, there is no special difference in terms of functionality between the display of this phone and competitors.
Motorola Razer 50 Ultra doesn’t really have a more exciting external display?!
The back of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 is still made of Gorilla Glass Victus 2; But this time, Samsung has chosen a matte appearance for it, which gives the phone a more attractive and stylish look, and touching the matte body of the device conveys a completely different and pleasant feeling to the user than the purely glass body, on the other hand, fingerprints and smudges are rare. The matte surface of the phone is attractive, which is a strong point for the Galaxy Z Flip 6.
Like the previous generation, aluminum has been used to make the phone frame so that the Galaxy Z Flip 6 is more resistant to falls and possible shocks. One of the differences between Flip 6 and the previous generation phone can be seen in the design of the same frame; Where Samsung designers have eliminated the curvature of the edges of the frame and used a completely flat form. This change brings a more modern look to the phone, But it can be said that it makes it a little more difficult to work with the phone in the style of Galaxy S24 Ultra or Apple iPhones; However, having a more modern design is probably more important in the minds of many users than making it a little harder to work with the phone.
This year, Samsung has equipped the Galaxy Z Flip 6 cameras with a ring of the same color as the body; This gives a different look to the new Korean foldable phone, but whether you like the different look of the Z Flip 6 or not is completely up to you. These rings are so clearly designed that even buyers of the black version will probably notice their existence; In any case, the color contrast created between the rings (in the blue versions we have for review, or yellow and green) and the dark glass behind them, will probably be the only distinguishing point between the Galaxy Z Flip 6 and 5.
Color rings for the camera; The most important difference in appearance with the previous generation
Although Samsung does not provide specific information about the hinge mechanism of the phone; But probably the Galaxy Z Flip 6 probably uses the same Flexhinge hinge as the previous generation with a little optimization. This mechanism was developed to reduce and actually eliminate the distance between the two halves of the screen in the folded state, and it allowed the screen angle to be adjusted between 75 and 115 degrees in the half-open state. At the time of the unveiling of Z Flip 5, it was mentioned that the new hinge mechanism could guarantee 100 times of opening and closing the phone every day for five years, which will probably be the same for the new version.
The minor changes made in the Flexhinge system have enabled Samsung to equip the Galaxy Z Flip 6 with the IP48 standard, which means resistance to water (30 minutes at a depth of 1.5 meters) and dust; This ability was obtained in situations where the previous generation supported the IPX8 standard and in fact had no resistance to dust penetration. It may not be bad to know that Razer 50 Ultra, as one of the most serious competitors of Z Flip 6, also supports the IPX8 standard.
Around the frame of the Galaxy Z Flip 6, you can find the volume and power keys, which, as in previous years, the power key also plays the role of a fingerprint sensor, and the location of the volume keys is a little higher than what we expect. In the lower part, you will see one of the speakers of Z Flip 6, which together with the conversation speaker, form the set of stereo speakers of the phone.
Galaxy Z Flip 6 speakers sometimes have a satisfactory volume in low-noise environments; Both high and low frequencies and mid-range frequencies are well covered; Therefore, fans of different styles of music from rock to jazz will be satisfied, as well as podcast lovers. If you are a fan of watching movies with your phone, you will also enjoy the volume, clarity, and loudness of the speakers; Of course, do not forget that the speaker of the phone is not at the same level as specialized headphones in any form and quality, and if you intend to rate them based on the ability of the speakers to distinguish the sounds of instruments, you should manage your expectations a little.
Bright display with a very wide aspect ratio
After opening the phone, we get to the sensitive 6.7-inch internal display of the Galaxy Z Flip 6. This 2640 x 1080 pixel OLED display supports a refresh rate of 120 Hz and thanks to LTPO technology, it can change the refresh rate between 1 and 120 Hz depending on the type of content being displayed. Samsung says that the maximum brightness of the internal display reaches 2600 nits and the pixel density is equal to a very good number of 426 pixels.
The folding in the middle of the screen is one of the most important and challenging points of the Galaxy Z Flip screen. You might expect that during the four years that have passed since the introduction of the first generation Z Flip, at least 20% of the folding depth has been reduced every year; But in fact it is not like that. ZFlip’s folding has become less prominent, But it still stands strong and powerful. Apart from the discussion of folding, the narrow and elongated dimensions of the flip screen with a ratio of 22:9 still seem strange and unpleasant; you have to constantly move your hand to access the physical keys or the edges of the screen.
The outer display remains unchanged at least in terms of dimensions; The 3.4-inch folder-like OLED display, which according to Samsung now reaches a maximum brightness of 1600 nits, is covered with a protective cover of Gorilla Glass Victus 2 and its pixel density is 306 pixels/inch, which is not a very high number in the standard of 2024 displays. In addition, the refresh rate of the external display still does not exceed 60 Hz, which by itself can give the user a contradictory feeling when switching between the two displays.
Galaxy Z Flip 6 display performance against competitors |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product/Test |
Minimum brightness |
Maximum brightness |
contrast ratio |
sRGB |
DCI P3 |
Adobe RGB |
|||
manual Automatically |
local |
cover |
Average error |
cover |
Average error |
cover |
Average error |
||
Galaxy Z Flip 6 (main display) |
0.7 |
830 2800 |
∞ |
96.1 |
3.9 |
95.8 |
3.8 |
— |
— |
Galaxy Z Flip 6 (display cover) |
1 |
870 1450 |
∞ |
95.6 |
2.6 |
86 |
3.8 |
— |
— |
Motorola Razr 40 Ultra (main display) |
3 |
620 1450 |
∞ |
97.8 |
2.1 |
100 |
3.3 |
121.2 |
3.3 |
Motorola Razr 40 Ultra (display cover) |
— |
604 1000 |
∞ |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Galaxy Z Flip 5 (main display) |
1 |
587 1860 |
∞ |
97.3 |
1.6 |
99.7 |
2.9 |
92.9 |
3.7 |
Galaxy Z Flip 5 (display cover) |
1 |
747 1200 |
∞ |
97.5 |
2.4 |
98.7 |
4 |
88.8 |
4.1 |
Galaxy S24 Ultra |
0.7 |
914 2635 |
∞ |
102 |
3.5 |
81.8 |
4.4 |
— |
— |
iPhone 15 Pro Max |
2.15 |
1041 1950 |
∞ |
99.7 |
0.9 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
According to the tests carried out in the Zoomit laboratory on the Galaxy Z Flip 6, we obtained the maximum brightness of the internal display in manual mode and by activating the Extra Brightness option equal to 830 nits, and in the automatic setting, the maximum brightness of 2050 nits was reached. Also, the measurement of the highest level of brightness when playing HDR content shows the same number of 2800 nits, which is a very impressive number and beyond the brightness of 2600 nits announced by Samsung.
We achieved a maximum brightness of 1,450 nits for the external display of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 when playing HDR content, which is within the range of 1,600 nits announced by Samsung for the maximum brightness of the external panel of this phone.
Fortunately, Samsung realized the weakness of its screens in covering the color space and somehow improved it in Galaxy Z Flip 6; Therefore, in the display settings section and the color profiles section, a slider named Vividness has been added to the Vivid color profile, which, by increasing it, the device covers the wide DCI-P3 color space in a better way. Apparently, the Koreans have added this software feature to the Galaxy S24 series.
Optimal performance and charging; Goodbye 8GB RAM
Galaxy Z Flip 6 is powered by the 3rd generation Snapdragon 8 flagship chip, which is considered the most powerful chip in the Android world today, and in some areas, even surpasses Apple’s powerful A17 Pro chip. Samsung’s new foldable is available to users in two capacities of 256 and 512 GB, But both versions use 12 GB of RAM; Goodbye 8GB RAM!
Galaxy Z Flip 6 processing performance against competitors |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product/benchmark |
chip |
Speedometer 2.1 |
Geekbench 6 |
GFXbench |
|
Browsing experience |
GPU computing power |
CPU computing power |
Game simulator |
||
Vulkan/Metal |
Single/Multi |
Aztec Ruins Onscreen/1440p |
|||
Vulkan/Metal |
|||||
Galaxy Z Flip 6 |
Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 |
244 |
11241 |
2085 6528 |
101 68 |
Motorola Razr 40 Ultra |
Snapdragon 8+ Gen1 |
69.2 |
7661 |
1795 4480 |
60 36 |
Galaxy Z Flip 5 |
Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 for Galaxy |
175 |
9237 |
2039 5181 |
90 63 |
iPhone 15 Pro Max |
A17 Pro |
475 |
27503 |
2960 7339 |
59 46.8 |
Galaxy S24 Ultra |
Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 for Galaxy |
240 |
17012 |
2262 7005 |
75 81 |
Pixel 8 Pro |
Tensor G3 |
131 |
5854 |
1766 4554 |
37 37 |
According to the benchmarks, the Galaxy Z Flip 6 seems to display a performance close to the S24 Ultra, which is not far from expected considering that it has the same chip. The existing difference can also be attributed to the better performance of S24 Ultra in cooling the device.
Naturally, the target group of Galaxy Z Flip 6 is not gamers; But for the first time in this series of foldable phones, Samsung has also used the Vapor Chamber cooling system so that the heat produced by the chip can be quickly removed from the phone.
In the 20-minute Zomit stress test, the Z Flip 6 showed more or less the same behavior as the previous generation with a 58% drop in performance; But thanks to the use of a more powerful chip, at the end of the test, it showed about 30% better performance and outperformed the Z Flip 5.
As expected, Galaxy Z Flip 6 also performs well in playing games; So a heavy game like Genshin Impact runs with the highest graphics settings in the range of 60 frames per second; But it seems that the Warzone game is still not optimal; Because achieving a rate of 60 frames per second, you have to leave the graphics settings to the automatic mode of the game, otherwise, the frame rate of the game will be below 30 frames per second.
Galaxy Z Flip 6 performance in games |
||
---|---|---|
Games/Parameters |
Graphics settings |
Average frame rate |
Call of Duty: Warzone |
High |
28 frames per second |
Real Racing 3 |
— |
112 frames per second |
Genshin Impact |
Very high |
58 frames per second |
Using a more powerful and optimized chip alone seems to be enough to improve the charging of the phone; But this year, Samsung has increased the capacity of its foldable battery by 8% compared to the previous year to 4000 mAh. The Z Flip 6 battery supports 25W charging, which cannot be called “fast charging” these days. 15W wireless charging and 4.5W reverse charging are also available for users.
Motorola Galaxy Z Flip 6 battery life vs competitors |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Product/benchmark |
Display |
battery |
Play video |
Everyday use |
Dimensions, resolution and refresh rate |
milliampere hour |
minute: hour |
minute: hour |
|
Galaxy Z Flip 6 |
6.7 inches, 120 Hz 1080×2640 pixels |
4000 |
25:00 |
11:32 |
Motorola Razr 40 Ultra |
6.9 inches, 165 Hz 1080×2640 pixels |
3800 |
17:00 |
10:38 |
Galaxy Z Flip 5 |
6.7 inches, 120 Hz 2640 x 1080 pixels |
3700 |
22:13 |
10:28 |
As expected, the 4000 mAh battery, along with the more optimized chip, has significantly improved battery performance. In the standard Zoomit video playback test, Galaxy Z Flip 6 managed to register a record of 25 hours, which is almost 3 hours more than the previous generation; On the other hand, the phone had 11 hours and 32 minutes of charging in the daily user test, which shows an improvement of about an hour compared to the previous generation.
One UI interface with artificial intelligence
As expected, much of Samsung’s focus for the introduction of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 and of course the Galaxy Z Fold 6 was on showcasing the Galaxy AI capabilities. In addition to all the previous functions of the external display, such as the possibility of using different applications, controlling and displaying notifications, quick access to messages and settings, displaying the amount of sports activities, or setting different backgrounds at different times of the day, some of the smart functions that we saw in the introduction of the S24 family are also are available on this screen.
One of the new features in the Galaxy AI collection is an item called Photo Assist, which allows editing photos with artificial intelligence. Among the Photo Assist features, one of the most impressive is the Portrait Studio, which allows the user to edit their photos in Comic, 3D Cartoon, Watercolor, and Sketch styles.
Another interesting feature that also has an interesting function is Sketch to Image, which allows the user to add realistic elements to their photos by drawing simple diagrams and the magic of artificial intelligence.
Initial photo
The first plan
The second plan
With Galaxy Z Flip 6, it is possible to access the Chat Assist function from the external display; With the help of this feature, the phone can recognize the responses you use the most and when receiving a new message, based on the text of the message, it can suggest a pre-prepared response. Other Galaxy AI features such as Circle to Search for searching on Google by drawing a circle around the subject in the image, Live Translate for simultaneous translation of messages from any language to any other supported language and Transcript Assist for creating text from an audio file are also available to Galaxy users. Z Flip 6 is located; However, contrary to Samsung’s promise, there is still no news of Persian language support. There is also a special menu in the phone settings so that users can familiarize themselves with all the features based on the artificial intelligence of Samsung phones.
If we leave aside the relatively numerous functions of Galaxy AI, Galaxy Z Flip 6 uses the same familiar One UI 6.1.1 user interface based on Android 14; Of course, Samsung says that just like the flagships of the Galaxy S family, it will provide up to 7 years of software support for its new foldable; Therefore, if there is no special problem, the Galaxy Z Flip 6 will also see Android 21.
The camera has always been one of the weak points of Samsung’s expensive folding phone. Stranger than that, the Galaxy Z Fold 5 camera remained unchanged compared to its previous generation, the Z Fold 4. As a result, it is not so strange to see that Samsung has finally reached the server of the main camera of Z Flip 6.
Dual camera with normal experience
Galaxy Z Flip 6, like its competitors and its previous generation, uses a dual arrangement of “wide + ultrawide” for rear cameras; Of course, the main camera (wide) now uses a much larger 50-megapixel sensor instead of the previous 12-megapixel module. In the following, we will talk more about cameras.
The main camera of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 uses a 50-megapixel, 1/1.57-inch Samsung S5KGN3 sensor with 1.0-micrometer pixels and a TetraCell color filter; The same sensor that also plays the role of the main camera of the Galaxy S24. This sensor is 28% larger than the one used in the previous generation, as before, it is located behind the f/1.8 lens with optical image stabilization and uses Dual Pixel phase detection autofocus.
Are you happy with the Galaxy S24 camera on the Galaxy Z Flip 6?
The ultrawide camera of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 does not experience any changes compared to the past and still uses the 12-megapixel Samsung S5K3LU sensor with 1.12-micrometer pixels behind the ultra-wide f/2.2 lens with a 123-degree field of view. Note that there is no autofocus for macro photography.
Main camera function
Considering that the Provisional Engine has now been added to the Galaxy Z Flip 6, Samsung claims that the photos taken with this phone, especially in low-light environments, are at the same level as the photos of the Galaxy S24 and its Night Mode.
Galaxy Z Flip 6 main camera
Galaxy Z Flip 5 main camera
Cut the photo and flip 6
Flip photo cut 5
In fact, Samsung’s claim can be accepted; Even if the Z Flip6’s photos aren’t on par with the S24+’s, they’re a slight improvement over the Galaxy Z Flip 5 in some situations, especially night photography. In the photos above, the Galaxy Z Flip 6 both creates a brighter image and pulls out more details from the building facade.
In photos taken with Night Mode, details are preserved much better by the Galaxy Z Flip 6; Of course, in order to have more details, you have to accept a little noise, which is not an unnatural occurrence, at least in dark environments.
In daylight, the Galaxy Z Flip 6 usually captures the same photos as the Z Flip 5: colorful and glossy photos that have a lot of detail, high contrast, and a wide dynamic range; But sometimes there are small differences between the photos of the two phones.
In the photos above, the Galaxy Z Flip 6 captures a brighter photo, and looking at the zoomed-in photos, the Z Flip 6 seems to have a little more detail than its predecessor.
In the photos below, at first glance, you can see that Z Flip 6 took darker photos, which of course creates a more dramatic image.
In the cut of the photos, it can be seen that the darker shadows of the Z Flip 6 do not have as much detail in them as the previous generation. In any case, you can see some photos of the Z Flip 6’s main camera in the day and night in the gallery below.
Main camera photo gallery in day and night
Ultrawide camera performance
The photos of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 ultrawide camera in dark environments are very similar to the photos of the Z Flip 5. The dynamic range and colors are very close between the two phones; But with a little attention, he observes that apparently the newer phone does better processing on the images and as a result, the photos have less noise and more details.
As you can see, in terms of color accuracy and dynamic range, there is no particular difference between the new and old generation of Galaxy Z Flip; But with enough zoom, you can see that Z Flip 6 has preserved more details.
Going through dark environments and taking ultrawide photography in sufficient light, the advantages of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 fade away. Here, you won’t see any difference in recorded details compared to the previous generation. Colors appear almost the same, and the problem of less dynamic range coverage in photos from the Z Flip 6’s main camera persists even in ultrawide photos.
According to the dark points of the photo that are in the shadow, it is easy to see that the Galaxy Z Flip 6 was not able to depict the information of these parts in the final photo, and for that reason, the advantage in creating a better contrast between the dark and light points should be given to the Z Flip 5. gave
Ultrawide camera photo gallery
Although a dedicated selfie camera is intended for you; But due to the much higher accuracy of the main camera and the possibility of using the external display as a viewfinder, using it to take selfies is not logical at all. Naturally, the main camera can record high-quality selfies for you.
As expected, features such as FlexCam for better framing and FlexWindow for using an external display as a viewfinder are among the features inherited from previous generations of the Z Flip 6. Features based on artificial intelligence in photography are also present in Samsung’s new foldable; For example, you can use the Generative Edit feature and use it to move the subjects in the image or change their dimensions; Images edited using AI capabilities are also saved with a tag titled AI Generated Content. There are features such as Live Effect to artificially create depth of field and Instant-Slowmo, although the last one will be limited to use on Samsung phones.
All in all, to sum up the cameras, it should be said that the Galaxy Z Flip 6 has only managed to slightly improve night photography compared to the previous generation, and currently, in other conditions, the photography is either not significantly different from the Galaxy Z Flip 5 or, surprisingly, worse than the Galaxy Z Flip 5. It works.
Galaxy Z Flip 6 against competitors
Formula One fans know very well that under normal conditions when the leading driver has enough distance from others, he does not try to set better records and prefers to save his energy and his car for other races and challenges. Samsung seems to be in a similar situation. In the foldable market, the distance between Samsung and its competitors is so great that if something special does not happen, Samsung will not face a special challenge from other companies even in the next decade. This point makes Koreans reluctant to be more creative and improve their foldables more significantly.
Neither the 50-megapixel main camera nor the 4000 mAh battery is a significant upgrade for Samsung, But the competition is so easy for Samsung that it decided to increase the price of the basic version of its foldable phones by 100 dollars compared to last year’s models by using a new chip!
Samsung does not feel much pressure from competitors, and in the absence of a strong competitor, trying to improve is pointless; This will be the worst news for lovers of foldable phones.
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![The Icon of the Seas cruise ship](https://elixirofscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Capture.jpg)
Conjunction: Expressing a condition.
Conjunction: Connecting two to create a new well-formed formula that requires it to only be true when both of the two formulas are true.
Noun: In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
Noun: breath.
Noun: ; steam fog.
Verb: To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.
The Icon of the Seas cruise ship, a city on water
On January 27, 2024, the first passengers of Icon of the Seas stepped on the deck of the world’s largest ship to experience an enchanting discovery in the west and east of the Caribbean Sea; A journey for eight days and seven nights.
The cruise tourism industry set a new record in 2023 with an increase of 2 million passengers over four years; But the biggest news on the high seas in 2024 was the maiden voyage of the world’s largest cruise ship, three times the length of a football field and five times the size of the Titanic.
Icon of the Seas ship with 20 decks and gross weight of 250,800 tons and a capacity of 9,950 people is the most amazing human-made phenomenon that goes to unknown waters like a luxurious metropolis. The 2,805 bedrooms in 28 groups, including family cabins with infinity-view balconies and bunk beds, offer a relaxing feel to adventurers looking for unique accommodations during their travels.
The Icon of the Seas is three times the length of a football field and five times the size of the Titanic
The symbol of the seas, the newest member of the Royal Caribbean cruise family, has dethroned its previous generation counterpart, the Wonder of the Seas, as the world’s largest ship, but beyond its gigantic and astonishing dimensions, this ship has also broken other records and claims various It is “the first” and “the most”.
The unveiling of Icon of the Seas sparked a wave of surprise, excitement, and curiosity among Internet users. The images that were published during the first voyage of the ship, followed endless discussions, comments, and questions of the interested people on social networks. Let’s take a look at some fascinating and stunning facts about this maritime marvel:
Icon of the Seas key features at a glance
- The largest ship in the world with a length of 365 meters, a width of 67 meters, and a weight of 250 thousand tons
- It has the largest and most optimal interior space with more than 20 decks
- It has advanced technical equipment and luxurious cabins for 7514 passengers and 2350 crew members
- The most compatible with the environment and the least carbon emissions with LNG engines
- Using artificial intelligence for optimal energy consumption on board
- The highest cost of building a cruise ship with about 2 billion euros
- It has more than 20 restaurants with international menus
- Extensive recreational facilities such as a floating bar, rock climbing walls, large slides, and infinity pools.
Also, in December 2023, Lionel Messi’s name was registered as the sponsor and “godfather” of Icon of the Seas.
The beginning of the story
In 1996, the architects of two companies, Royal Caribbean (Royal Caribbean) and Wilson Butler (Wilson Butler) defined a new mission for themselves: “Providing an environment for the best family vacations on the planet.” Over the past 28 years, these two companies have launched 24 giant cruise ships, each of which was recognized as the world’s leading floating artifact of its time.
In the mid-2010s, the cruise industry was growing rapidly and major cruise lines were looking to create different experiences and more innovations to attract passengers. In this regard, in 2016, Royal Caribbean proposed a new idea, the implementation of which challenges the innovation boundaries of the entire industry:
“Launching a project to build a new cruise ship that will be unique not only in terms of size but also in terms of technology, amenities, and environmental sustainability.”
Builders and designers
To implement its plan, Royal Caribbean Group prioritized several main goals:
First, the optimal use of ship space to build multiple sections with different uses that at the same time work in an integrated and coordinated manner. The second priority of the builders was to significantly reduce the harmful effects on the environment, and for this purpose, the use of green technologies, energy consumption optimization systems, and reduction of carbon emissions were considered in all stages of design.
In addition, in order to provide a unique experience, the new ship had to meet all the needs of passengers, including recreation, relaxation, and adventure; Therefore, the companies had to design each area as a multi-purpose, modern, and intelligent space.
Therefore, the Finnish company Meyer Turku, one of the largest and most reliable shipbuilders in the world, was chosen as the main contractor for the construction and design of the ship’s structure and hull. This company, which had previously collaborated with Royal Caribbean in the construction of two Oasis-class ships and had a lot of experience in the construction of cruise ships, was responsible for the design of the hull, mechanical systems, and structural integrity of the ship.
The Swedish company Tillberg Design of Sweden, as the second partner of the project, is committed to creating a unique and inspiring space by using the latest techniques and production materials. Tilburg Design had to focus on the priority that the interior of the ship should not only be luxurious and luxurious, but also efficient and innovative.
Finally, Royal Caribbean’s oldest partner, the American company Wilson Butler, which is famous for designing public and cultural spaces, entered the project as the third partner with the aim of creating a space that evokes the feeling of a city floating on water for passengers. In addition to these partners, during the construction of the ship according to the needs of each department, other teams from different countries of the world were invited to cooperate.
Scott Butler, director and founder of the Wilson Butler Company in 2023, said about the design of this ship:
The design of a ship is not much different from the design of a building on land. Our work is like designing a building that is in a constant state of vibration. In fact, the great design of a ship proceeds just like the planning of a city.
What makes Icon of the Seas look like a city on the water are the “neighborhoods” or planned areas named Aquadome, Thrill Island, Chill Island, Surfside, Hideway, and Central Park, which we will take a look at in the following sections.
Ship building
The construction of Icon of the Seas officially started in early 2019. The first stage, as is usual in the construction of any large ship, involved checking the details and carrying out preliminary tests.
At this stage, the designers carefully focused on the body shape, propulsion, and energy systems, as well as environmental sustainability. Advanced fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were also performed to ensure high efficiency and reduced hull drag in water.
In October 2019, Mir Company inaugurated the project, according to the common tradition of shipbuilders, by cutting the steel sheets used in the ship’s hull.
Azipod propulsion systems and LNG fuel
The Icon ship’s six engines were provided by the Finnish company Wärtsilä with a dual propulsion system to use heavy oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel.
The LNG propulsion system produces much less nitrogen oxide than traditional fuels, which is a big step towards cleaner seas. Accordingly, two 307-meter tanks with a capacity of 27 tons were transferred to the ship for LNG fuel.
The ship’s fuel system was equipped with “high pressure tanks” and “heat exchangers”, which allowed the storage and optimal use of LNG. Also, this system was connected to the combustion management unit, which continuously adjusts the fuel quality and combustion efficiency, and prevents the creation of harmful NOx gases by precisely controlling the fuel-air mixture.
LNG fuel tanks being transferred to the ship
Royal Caribbean
The Icon of the Seas propulsion system was designed based on azipods, which are among the most advanced electric propulsion technologies in the marine industry. Unlike conventional propulsion systems where a fixed propeller is driven by a shaft, the Azipod enables the propeller to rotate 360 degrees.
Azipods increase the maneuverability of the ship
This complete rotation capability increases the ship’s maneuverability reduces the need for lateral propulsion systems such as rudders, and particularly facilitates the stopping or moving of the ship in narrow harbors. Also, the design of azipods is such that it minimizes the turbulence created in the water, and by reducing water resistance, it reduces fuel consumption by 20% compared to conventional systems.
The deployment of three 20MW Azipod drives on the Icon ship increased the speed of this modern cruise to 22 knots (41 km/h).
Engineering-wise, azipods operate using induction motors and are powered by diesel generators or a combination of diesel and natural gas. These engines have high efficiency due to not having many moving parts and reducing friction, and on the other hand, using an efficient cooling system in Azipods increases their lifespan.
Two 307-meter LNG fuel tanks with a capacity of 27 tons provide the ship’s propulsion energy
Artificial intelligence not only recognizes the paths that require the least energy but also controls the energy consumption of numerous internal equipment such as air conditioning and elevator systems.
The lighting department of the ship was entrusted to Helamarine company, which creates a safe and pleasant atmosphere in the open seas with 20,000 low-consumption LEDs. At the same time, several complex and extensive optical systems provide accurate control of the light in the public areas of the ship digitally to the ship’s officials.
Intelligent ship control
Ship control includes an integrated management system (Integrated Bridge System) that is driven by advanced software and modern user interfaces. This system provides real-time monitoring and control of all operational parameters of the ship, including positioning, speed, route, and fuel consumption.
In addition, the IBS system is equipped with multiple sensors and warning systems that detect sudden changes in environmental or operational conditions and notify the crew.
The IBS system controls all operational parameters of the ship with multiple sensors
Using artificial intelligence and predictive algorithms, the intelligent control system can suggest the best sea routes and optimize fuel consumption. Also, the stabilization system (Stabilization System), which works in coordination with IBS, reduces the ship’s oscillating movements in turbulent sea conditions, which results in more passenger comfort and reduced depreciation of the ship’s structure.
Executive stages of ship construction
Part of the Icon of the Seas construction process
The process of building the Icon of the Seas went through three complex but coordinated stages:
Design and simulation: The first stage included the initial design and computer simulation of the systems. Using specialized software and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulators, accurate models of propulsion and fuel systems were prepared. These models were tested under different operational conditions to identify any possible defects or challenges before starting the actual development of different sectors and areas.
Construction and assembly of parts: In this stage, different parts of the ship were made in a modular way in special workshops. Then these parts were moved to the main ship building site and installed using super heavy cranes. To avoid any mistakes, the assembly process was done using automatic welding robots and laser measurement systems.
Aquadome dome assembly stage
Testing and commissioning: After the completion of the assembly, the ship was subjected to detailed tests. All sections were examined and adjusted separately and in combination with each other. At this stage, navigational tests including maneuverability tests, fuel efficiency, and response of control systems to variable conditions were conducted. These measures were accompanied by the simulation of different sea scenarios to prepare the ship to face any conditions.
Different parts of the ship are made modularly in special workshops and then transferred to the hull of the ship.
During the coronavirus pandemic, when the raw materials for construction were not available, the design personnel simulated, tested, and calibrated their designers in 3D by making replicas of different parts of the ship in appropriate sizes.
Testing the Aquadome waterfall in the workshop
Even the cabins were assembled in sections called “mega-blocks,” or modules, at the manufacturing plant, then at the docks, and then transferred to the ship. This reduced the build time and was like building a giant Lego.
Commitment to environmental technologies
As part of Royal Caribbean Group’s SEA the Future program, the company’s new ships are equipped with MAP and MAG systems that synthesize solid waste into gas and reuse it to generate energy.
These technologies not only minimize waste but also produce valuable by-products such as biochar, which can be used as a soil conditioner. According to the recycling programs of this ship, 90% of the waste is never buried in the soil. The energy obtained from the MAP system is also used in the ship itself.
MAP and MAG systems convert solid waste into gas
Another noteworthy point is that Royal Caribbean plans to reduce the food waste of this ship by 50% by 2025. In this futuristic plan, artificial intelligence is used for immediate food production according to existing needs and requests, and training of the ship’s crew with sustainable solutions is also on the agenda. The above program has led to the saving of 24% of food waste to date.
In another environmental innovation, the heat from the engine houses is used to desalinate seawater. 93% of the ship’s fresh water is produced and purified by the reverse osmosis system in the ship itself. Also, by producing small bubbles that cover the whole body of the ship, the compressors reduce the friction between the water and the body and subsequently reduce fuel consumption.
93% of the ship’s freshwater is purified and produced by a reverse osmosis system in the ship itself Mockler, Chief Decarbonisation Manager for the new build, describes Icon as a great example of how sustainability is being considered for the future:
What we did on board Icon was the beginning of a path, not an end goal. We want to use these ships as platforms to advance the development of technologies that we will need in future products; Because our effort is to draw the next modern ships in the most stable state possible.
Different departments and quarters of the ship
Icon of the Seas is described as a city on water because it consists of different neighborhoods; Including Hideway, Gobd Cascade, and Central Park, and we will have a close look at these amazing neighborhoods.
The Pearl: The pearl of the ship’s entrance
The Pearl section was designed and introduced by one of Brooklyn’s media artists. This spherical piece with a diameter of 15.3 meters is covered with more than 3,600,000 moving computer tiles and is now known as the largest kinetic art sculpture in the world, which displays an unprecedented fusion of art and technology.
This awe-inspiring work stands out not only for its grandeur, but also for its depiction of the essence of the ocean, as it beautifully simulates various natural phenomena such as rolling waves, gentle breezes, meteors, and a dynamic ocean surface. Inspired by the sea, the tiles are arranged in a Fibonacci sequence and reflect the patterns found in marine life.
The movements of “Marwaid” are influenced by the tide and wind data of the Caribbean Sea. This data, obtained from the web or the ship’s sensors, allows the massive pearl to constantly change and reflect the current environmental conditions in an ever-evolving display.
More than 3,600,000 computer-animated tiles inspired by marine life patterns are arranged in a Fibonacci sequence.
The Pearl area, like the entire ship, is an architectural masterpiece and a prime example of the innovative use of modern technology in the cruise industry. This spherical pearl is spread over four decks of the ship and welcomes passengers as a gateway as soon as they board. In the center of the pearl, a beautiful marble staircase connects the floors.
The Pearl derives its spherical form from a steel ball that acts as a supporting structure. Prominent engineers have also planned and deployed the infrastructure technologies of this sector: a combination of more than 5 thousand controllable LED lights and interactive media technology creates stunning visual effects and adapts to the environment at every moment.
The moving tiles, produced with Linear technology, create computer-controlled lighting effects. Also, the integrated sound system of more than a thousand watts enriches the listening experience of passengers and elevates their mood to higher levels. The total structural load of this section is estimated to be around 20 tons.
The iconic pearl is not just an eye-catcher but serves as a central point of reference for passengers exploring the heart of the ship.
AquaDome waterfall dome; Manifestation of art and technology
Located at the front of the ship, the Aquadome has a huge space with a magnificent glass dome that offers viewers a wide and captivating view of the ocean. This area has the “highest waterfall” in the middle of the sea along with other exciting attractions. The construction of this dome set the record for the largest glass and steel structure installed on a ship.
AquaDome; The highest waterfall in the middle of the sea with a height of 16.7 meters
Of course, the waterfall itself with a height of 16.7 meters attracts attention as one of the engineering miracles of shape change. The Aquadome transforms throughout the day, offering passengers a variety of delightful experiences, from breathtaking sunrises to vibrant daytime activities. During the day, travelers can tour the AquaDome Market, eat at its restaurant, or sit and watch the 220-degree view of the surrounding ocean.
As evening approaches and sunset approaches, the waterfall becomes a dynamic backdrop for a diverse range of entertaining shows that take place nightly. In this way, the Aquadome creates a dramatic scene beyond a tall waterfall, with energetic movements and captivating lighting, which enhances the quality of every show beyond imagination. The show center of this neighborhood is called AquaTheater.
Michael Bailey, CEO of Royal Caribbean International, says about the construction of this section:
We went through an amazing journey with the engineers, architects and designers to build the AquaDome, and what amazes travelers is a testament to the innovation and creativity of the teams.
Aquadom neighborhood with an area of more than 33 thousand square meters extends from deck 14 to deck 22. The beautiful dome was built outside the ship so that other teams could complete the forward deck at the same time. The sea dome weighing 367 tons consists of 12 different modules with 673 glass panels and 712 aluminum panels and it took 8 months to assemble them.
The first marine dome with 673 glass panels and 712 aluminum panels
The process of lifting and connecting the dome to the spreader was done with 54 cables, and when the crane wanted to place it in a special position on the ship, another 12 cables were added. Just maneuvering it into place using a specialized rig took 80 hours. During this time, a separate team monitored the weather conditions to find the safest time to depart.
Central Park: Green Paradise in the heart of the sea
Central Parks are usually one of the most popular parts of Royal Caribbean cruises: a green and playful atmosphere that evokes the experience of being immersed in a park, and even the sound of birdsong. The presence of bars, cafes, restaurants, and shops in these areas makes them a pleasant environment to work.
But the Icon ship has also improved the class of Central Park in a surprising way: the central park with an area of several thousand square meters contains more than 33 thousand natural plants of different species that grow well with intelligent irrigation and lighting systems.
The largest cruise ship park with more than 33 thousand natural plants
To manage water in this section, a multi-layer drainage system was created under the ground surface. This system collects excess water and returns it to the smart irrigation system. In addition, the plants that were planted in this neighborhood were selected based on their resistance to sea conditions, including strong winds and direct sunlight, and each plant was carefully placed in a suitable place according to the light and irrigation needs.
This neighborhood also uses the fresh sea air to create a cool and comfortable environment by using advanced ventilation techniques. Smart lighting systems have been developed in a way that preserves the sense of naturalness of the environment even at night.
Royal Promenade: The beating heart of the ship
Royal Promenade is a busy and exciting street located in the center of the ship and is considered a place for gathering, shopping, and entertainment for passengers. This neighborhood, with a large area spread over two floors, is considered one of the most important and busiest parts of the ship.
From clothing boutiques to electronics stores, travelers can find almost anything they want in the department stores on this street. In addition to restaurants that offer a variety of international cuisines, the daily performance of live shows, music, and dance also doubles the vitality of the Royal Promenade.
The roof of this neighborhood is designed as a large digital screen that displays the sky views and attractive images, and the glass elevators also provide the opportunity to see all the surrounding scenery while moving passengers.
Surfside: a space for families
The space that was known as the Boardwalk in the Oasis class ships is designed in a unique and more advanced way in the Icon ship.
The most diverse entertainment facilities with smart security systems
For example, a large water playground is installed for children, and facilities such as splash pads, smaller water slides, Ferris wheel, face painting, arcades, sports areas, video game halls, and even a DJ play a significant role in entertaining families.
Separate restaurants and bars also make it possible for parents to grab something to eat or drink while the children are playing nearby while keeping an eye on their children. Easy access to Playmakers and an ice rink makes this neighborhood ideal for families.
From another angle, smart security systems guarantee the safety of all children in all parts of this neighborhood. Interactive applications also enable parents to manage their children’s entertainment programs online.
Chill Island: an ocean of tranquility
Chill Island is a neighborhood where travelers can get away from the daily hustle and relax in a calm and pleasant atmosphere. This neighborhood with artificial beaches and beautiful swimming pools provides the best atmosphere for travelers to relax and unwind.
It has the largest pool in the middle of the sea
In this three-story neighborhood, which occupies a good part of the middle of the ship, there are beaches with soft sand and comfortable chairs for relaxing, swimming pools with a curved design and jacuzzis with a view of the sea, and beach bars with a variety of cool drinks for passengers.
Some of the pools in this area are:
- Royal Bay: The largest pool in the middle of the sea, designed for all ages and located on the 15th deck.
- Cove Pool: A pool that is designed to face the ocean, and for this reason, it is also called an infinity pool.
- Cloud 17: Another pool overlooking the ocean with swirling water and a personalized and customized beverage bar that stands out on Deck 17.
- Swim & Tonic: The first water bar brand, a shallow pool with in-water seats that allow passengers to sit or stand comfortably and order their favorite drink. This pool is located on the 16th deck.
The water in the pools is purified and heated using modern technologies. Also, the surround sound systems reproduce the sound of waves and nature realistically so that passengers have the feeling of being on a real island.
The Hideaway: a modern and dynamic space for young people
Hideaway was originally designed with the aim of creating an attractive and modern space for young people and couples, and with a combination of fun and trendy facilities, it provides a great opportunity for travelers to spend their free time in a friendly and pleasant environment.
The floating pool can be considered one of the most prominent features of The Hideaway, which is located on the edge of the ship and offers a wonderful view of the sea. Several social spaces with live music and professional DJs provide revelers with lively nights, not unlike Texas clubs.
Smart lighting systems create subtle changes in the spectrum of colors and light intensity according to the event and time, and the advanced surround sound systems also bring a unique music experience to passengers.
In addition, if young people need to relax after several hours of fun, they can separate themselves from the surrounding noise in the exclusive lounges that have a very stylish and modern design, with comfortable chairs and light.
The interesting point is that Hideaway has spaces with multiple uses that can be changed quickly. For example, a lounge can be transformed from a daytime lounge to a nightclub.
Thrill Island Amusement Park: Innovation in Exciting Structures
A neighborhood located on the back deck of the ship, with a series of challenging games and activities for lovers of excitement and adventure. For example:
- The six water slides, which are the tallest marine specimens in the world, leave a unique memory and experience of free fall and speed in the minds of travelers.
- Adventure park with rope climbing routes, suspension bridges, and towers to climb
- Surfing simulator miniature golf and all kinds of energizing entertainment, each of which has its own fans.
It has the tallest water slides in the world and a surfing simulator
The construction of Thrill Island required advanced design and engineering to provide the desired facilities in a safe and efficient manner. For this purpose, in the structure of the water slides and adventure park, light, resistant, and stainless alloys were used, which can withstand high pressure and weight and have a long life.
One of the other requirements for the success of this neighborhood was intelligent safety monitoring and control systems that continuously monitor the condition of structures, equipment, and even weather conditions and take preventive measures if needed. For example, in case of sudden changes in wind speed, the FlowRider surf simulator automatically changes its settings to keep passengers safe.
On the other hand, due to the high volume of Thrill Island activities, special energy management systems were designed for this neighborhood. These systems help reduce overall energy consumption on board while maintaining an exciting experience for passengers.
District 6 in this neighborhood has a free fall slide called Pressure Drop, which falls from a height of 33 meters at an angle of 66 degrees.
Crown’s Edge in Thrill Island
The most daring passengers can also go to the ship’s edge and make their way along the skyway that extends beyond the ship’s perimeter towards the open sea: Crown’s Edge, a suspended walkway 47 meters above the ocean, is a first-of-its-kind attraction. It is installed in the icon ship and has no similar example in the marine technologies of the world.
Absolute Zero: The Show on the Ice Arena
This area is considered to be the largest ice skating rink on ships in history, completely redesigned for bigger feats to amaze all passengers.
Passengers can sit on the seats around the square to watch star actors and artists perform high takeoffs and spectacular turns on skates. During the day, fans can enter the ice rink themselves and perform.
Suite Neighborhood: luxury accommodation
With special facilities and private space, the Suite Quarter offers the highest level of comfort and VIP services to passengers who have booked the ship’s luxury suites. Private lounge, modern design and stunning views, exclusive restaurants and bars, swimming pool and Jacuzzi, and private sun deck are just some of the facilities reserved for VIP passengers.
Each suite uses soundproof walls and is equipped with smart systems that allow travelers to manage the temperature, lighting, music, and even their orders in a personalized way.
In addition, passengers in this neighborhood have priority and faster access to all parts of the ship. The spacious deck area with plenty of seating in this two-story neighborhood provides a quiet and well-equipped area for families to relax.
Cabins
Although Icon of the Seas has fewer cabins (2,805 cabins compared to 2,874 rooms) than the largest ship of the previous generation, Wonder of the Seas, it hosts more passengers.
The reason for this difference is nothing but the focus of Icon designers on larger cabins that accommodate more than two people. In fact, more than 82 percent of the ship’s staterooms are designed for three or more guests, making them an ideal choice for family vacations.
The largest cabin on the ship is a three-story suite with an area of 540 square meters, two bedrooms, and a maximum of 8 passengers, with a cinema room, two balconies, and a private backyard.
But beyond the room size, the family-oriented design can be seen in every detail: from room layout to amenities and in-suite activities.
Icon of the Seas family cabin
For example, the tube-like slide that connects the upper floor to the ground floor living area, along with the popcorn machine, ping pong table, whirlpool, video games, and other entertainment can keep children entertained for hours.
These luxury suites have both a high cost ($8,000 per week) and an ever-increasing demand so that the entire complex is fully booked until the end of 2024.
Read more: Kansai International Airport, Japan
All of these innovations have been developed based on “customer intelligence,” says Michael Bailey, president of Royal Caribbean International, about the ship’s smart technologies. He said during the round table of senior managers at a media event in Turku:
Understanding customers and understanding how they want to interact with each other is fundamental to creating innovation and new products like Icon of the Seas.
This is not done like throwing darts at a sable board. We use a huge amount of data, not just the data of the guests who travel with us, but much more. We actually have a lot of questions from this data, trying to understand if our guests are enjoying the product or the experiences we’re offering, or what they like and don’t like.
The highest ship booking rate
Since its introduction in October 2023, Icon of the Seas has captured the attention of the world with numerous record-breaking events, but apart from the features and facilities, this ship has also broken the ticket booking record. Prior to this ship’s maiden voyage, Royal Caribbean set the record for the most booked ship in one day and the most weekly booked in history.
All tickets for the first voyage of the Icon ship, which took place in January 2024, were sold out within 24 hours. On this cruise, which started from the port of Miami, the ship made stops in the following ports according to the schedule of the Eastern Caribbean: Buster in the country of St. Kitts, St. Thomas in the US Virgin Islands, and then Kokoki in the Bahamas.
The ship will continue to sail year-round on routes covering the eastern and western Caribbean, Mexico, and the Bahamas.
With Icon of the Seas, Royal Caribbean symbolized the endless horizons of the modern shipbuilding industry and set new benchmarks and standards for future cruise ships.
According to this company, the second Icon class ship will be unveiled in the summer of 2025 under the name Star of the Seas. Now it seems that in the endless world of innovation, the boundaries of possible and impossible are shifting every day.
Technology
Designed in California, copied in the Soviet Union; The story of the first Soviet chip
Published
5 days agoon
01/09/2024![chip](https://elixirofscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Capture.png)
![chip](https://elixirofscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Capture.png)
Designed in California, copied in the Soviet Union; The story of the first Soviet chip
During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a breathtaking competition in various fields, and each tried to prove its ideological superiority by showing its progress. This competition was not limited to the battlefield and extended to space, nuclear capabilities, technological innovation, and even competition to discover new super-heavy elements.
The space race, which culminated with the launch of the Sputnik satellite by the Soviet Union and the United States’ Apollo landings on the moon, attracted everyone’s attention and became a symbol of the Cold War at that time. Similarly, the arms race led both superpowers to amass and develop advanced nuclear arsenals, a constant reminder of the unstable balance of power. This extensive competition fueled technological advancements in the military and space fields and influenced the process of innovations.
One of the examples of this technology competition was the development of computer technologies. In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union began to imitate key Western innovations in the field of microprocessors, aiming to close its technological gap with the West. One of these innovations was the Intel 8080 microprocessor, which was considered a significant development in the computer field. The Soviet version of the 8080, known as the KR580VM80A (aka the 580 series), represented their broader strategy of reproducing Western technology.
This competition for copying and innovation during the Cold War illustrates the interplay between geopolitical conflicts and technological advances. Due to the silence of news in the Soviet Union at that time, little has been written about the details and the story behind this processor. In this article, by examining most of these sources, we are trying to discuss the story of the design and introduction of the Russian copy of the 8080 microprocessor.
Soviet Union before the Silicon Age
Before going into the history of the Soviet 580 series microprocessors, it is necessary to briefly talk about the level of Soviet technology before the emergence of integrated microprocessors.
In 1950, the “Small Electronic Computing Machine” (SECM) was developed in the Soviet Union. It should be noted that SECM was launched in the Soviet Union when there were only a few computers in Europe; including the English EDSAC, which had been launched a year earlier, and the Z4 Zuse in Zurich, which had been built around 1947. However, the SECM processor was much more powerful because it processed the calculations in parallel.
In the construction of SECM, all the basic principles of computer construction, such as the presence of input and output devices, coding and storing the program in memory, automatic execution of calculations based on the stored program, and other such things, were used. Most importantly, this computer was built on binary logic (processing based on zeros and ones) used in digital computing engineering.
Large Soviet BESM-6 electronic calculating machine at the London Science Museum
During the historic Soyuz-Apollo space mission in 1975, mission control was handled by a complex system that included a large computer called the BECM-6 (Big Electronic Computing Machine). This computer was developed directly from SECM and was able to perform the calculations needed to launch a missile in one minute; While on the American side, the calculations related to this mission lasted 30 minutes. This time difference in calculations indicated the technological differences between the two countries at that time.
So far, Soviet computing superiority over the West has been evident. But the real disaster occurred when the Soviets decided to produce copies of the IBM-360 mainframe computer; It meant the transition from innovation to copying American design. It is clear that copying does not stand a chance of being overtaken; However, the Soviets usually upgraded Western designs to make them look more indigenous and innovative.
The Soviet SECM performed calculations in one minute, but the American computer in 30 minutes
Copying only makes sense when it is used as a learning step in the absence of technology necessary for innovation. Of course, the logical end of such an approach is still moving towards the development of dedicated systems, which today, China has clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of this method. However, this story did not have a happy ending for the Soviet Union. From the moment the decision to copy was made, the Soviet Union was in an impossible scramble for advancement in the chip industry.
Copy instead of innovation
In late 1962, by order of the Soviet Union government, the Kyiv Design Bureau was established in the capital of the Ukrainian Socialist Republic, later known as the Kyiv Institute of Micro Devices (KNIIMP). This institution was associated with an experienced manufacturing plant. In August 1976, the institute’s first official mission was to create a copy of the Intel 8080 microprocessor, which had only been introduced for two years.
The design team of the KR580VM80A processor included a group of talented engineers and specialists working under the supervision of the Electronics and Engineering Design and Research Center. The team, led by Nikolai Beretsky, one of the most prominent Soviet engineers at the time, was responsible for the design and development of the new processor.
At the beginning of the work, the design team faced problems such as a lack of resources and advanced equipment. In particular, the production of semiconductor products in the Soviet Union faced serious problems due to the limitations of technology and raw materials, which directly affected the quality and performance of the processor. These issues caused delays in the project and the need for adjustments in the design.
Kiev Institute of Micro Devices with strange architecture during the Soviet era
On the one hand, funding technology projects during the Cold War was a big challenge. Due to the strategic sensitivity of the issue, the KR580VM80A project was funded through the Soviet Ministry of Electronic Industry and was specifically allocated for this project. This budget included research and development costs, purchase of laboratory equipment, and the supply of raw materials.
Since at that time, the semiconductor production technology in the Soviet Union was limited, part of the budget was allocated to upgrade the manufacturing equipment and technologies. The scope of the research and the lack of private investors, along with the economic crisis that engulfed the Soviet Union, faced serious challenges in funding this project.
The Soviet Union was facing the problem of funding and limited access to Western technologies
On the other hand, looking at the tense relations between the Western and Eastern Blocs, Soviet engineers had limited access to the 8080A microprocessor. Instead, they relied on existing documentation, technical articles, and spy intelligence that provided detailed information about the architecture and performance of the microprocessor. This information was often obtained from public sources, technical publications technical descriptions in manuals, or from insiders in companies.
Hence, Soviet engineers used reverse engineering to analyze the hardware design of the 8080A. The first step was the preparation of physical samples of this processor, which was purchased from America under the cover of fake companies.
The reverse engineering process involved opening the processor package to study the design of the silicon chip and its circuits. Soviet engineers used techniques such as decapsulation (removing the protective package of the chip) and microscopic study of the chip to examine the internal structure of the microprocessor. This allowed them to identify logic gates, circuit paths, and other critical components of the chip.
In addition to the physical examination, the Soviet team also had to understand the functional behavior of the 8080A. They performed various tests to see how the processor reacts to different commands and inputs. By running a series of software programs and checking the processor outputs, they were able to deduce the operational characteristics and architecture of the instruction set of this microprocessor. This step was very important to ensure the compatibility of the copied product with the software designed for the original processor.
The biggest challenge for the Soviet design team was the exact reconstruction of the microcode
One of the biggest challenges in this process was the exact reconstruction of the microcode design. Microcode is the low-level on-chip instructions that control the internal operations of the microprocessor and is very difficult to understand without detailed documentation.
Microcode instructions, like a cooking recipe, control the sequence of assembly code entry steps in calling, executing, and storing the results. Without having the correct combination and sequence of microcodes, the microprocessor will not be able to perform processing tasks. Soviet engineers had to reverse engineer the microcode by carefully analyzing the behavior of the processor in response to various commands and transferring it to their design.
The first series of processors produced at the Kyiv Microdevices Institute
CpusHack
Finally, between 1977 and 1978, the manufacturing of the first prototypes of the chips was completed. The first base set of this series included three chips: K580IK80, K580IK51, and K580IK55. These chips were produced in flat metal-ceramic packages with 48 pins, which was 8 pins more than Intel’s original architecture. Contrary to popular belief, these chips were not exact, layer-by-layer copies of Intel’s 8080 processor; Some blocks were similar, but the design and position of the metal joints were dramatically different.
Technical details of the Soviet chip
On November 6, 1980, The New York Times published an article entitled ” Soviet Advances in Computers ” in which the author analyzed the features of the KR580VM80A. The Soviet chips operated at 2 MHz (500,000 operations per second) and were manufactured based on the nMOS fabrication process with a channel width of 6 microns. The nMOS fabrication process involves the use of lithographic techniques to pattern different layers on a silicon wafer, which by applying high temperature, N and P semiconductor regions are precisely created within the silicon structure.
Compared to the 8080 with 4500 transistors, the Soviet chip had 4758 transistors
Western researchers’ analysis showed that this chip had exactly 4758 transistors; While there were rumors about the existence of 6000 or 4500 transistors. In 1981-1982, the packaging of these chips was changed to standard DIP (double-in-line pin package) packages with pin spacing corresponding to the Soviet standard, and later versions were released in the 40-pin format. Both versions were produced for domestic use in plastic frames and for special applications in metal-ceramic frames.
In 1983, the name of the IK80 model was changed to VM80, the IK55A model to VV55A, and the IK51 to VV51. The addition of the letter “A” at the end of the name of these models indicates an upgraded version that uses more of the basic set of this series. In this version, the processor speed increased to 2.5 MHz. Also, the area of the part was reduced by 20%, which happened due to the miniaturization of the production process to 5 microns.
The 580 series was produced by many Soviet integrated circuit design companies over the years. Among these companies, we can mention Quasar, Electronpribor, Radon, Kuvator, and Dnieper. Chips produced for export were marked “Сделано в СССР” (Made in the USSR) and were marketed without the manufacturer’s logo. In fact, it was the “manufacturer” of the Soviet Union, because the propaganda aspect of the government was more important than the name of the company that produced the chips.
Exported chips were marked “Made in the Soviet Union”.
With the widespread entry of these microprocessors into the market, microcircuit manuals were also prepared, which resembled a very high-quality translation from English to Russian. The importance of the manuals was that they not only had to fully explain the main purpose of the product but also technologically led the domestic manufacturer to build a product that was compatible with these microprocessors. Due to the minor differences between this product and the original, this was very difficult.
Although during the era of 8080 and 8086 microprocessors, the Kyiv Microdevices Institute succeeded in fulfilling its task, this company could not produce chips similar to Intel’s 80286 and then 80386 microprocessors.
Comparison with Western examples
Although at first glance, the Soviet version is completely compatible with the Intel 8080 processor in terms of software, there is a slight difference in the interrupt processing logic between the two processors. This difference seems to originate from a bug in the microcode of the KR580VM80A processor.
In 8080 processors, the interrupt response cycle begins when the processor detects an interrupt and intends to respond to it. In this cycle, the processor sends a signal that indicates the acknowledgment of receiving the interrupt, and with its help, the relevant hardware can send more information or perform the necessary requests. In this process, the CALL instruction tells the processor to go to a specific subroutine and transfer program execution to this subroutine. If a call instruction is received during the interrupt response cycle and the interrupt input remains active, the processor must properly update its internal flags and jump to the appropriate subroutine.
The microcode of the Soviet processor had a bug that caused the subroutine call stack to overflow
However, even if the interrupt output was disabled in the KR580VM80A processor, the processor could not clear the internal interrupt flag. This problem causes the processor to enter a microcode loop that continuously responds to the interrupt and adds the program counter to the stack, eventually leading to a stack overflow. In a typical hardware configuration, this problem is covered by the behavior of the 8259A interrupt controller, which disables the interrupt during the detection cycle. The Romanian MMN8080 processor also behaved similarly to the KR580VM80A, but other 8080 copies do not seem to be affected by this bug.
The legacy of the first Russian chip
Although Russian engineers produced a large number of specialized microcontrollers for special tasks that had no direct Western equivalents, the focus on copying rather than innovation has put the Soviet Union forever behind the United States in the development and production of modern microprocessors.
Although the 8080 processor was quickly replaced in the West by newer and more advanced chips, the Soviet copy remained popular until the 1990s. Even to this day, Russia continues to produce various versions of Western processors, including the MCS-96 series and the PIC17 chip; While it seems that China’s chip industry is only four years behind the US despite the sanctions.
Technology
Xiaomi Glorimi M2 Max watch review; Alternative economic option for iPhone owners
Published
7 days agoon
30/08/2024![Xiaomi Glorimi M2 Max](https://elixirofscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Capture-18.png)
![Xiaomi Glorimi M2 Max](https://elixirofscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Capture-18.png)
Xiaomi Glorimi M2 Max watch review; Alternative economic option for iPhone owners
These days, the market of economical smartwatches with a premium appearance and almost all the functions that we expect from these popular wearables is very hot; the time has passed when reliable tests for measuring heart rate and blood oxygen level and even sleep monitoring were only limited to Apple Watch and It was Galaxy Watch. Let’s say that our eyes are slowly getting used to seeing more luxurious features such as answering calls in economic wearables and even from lesser-known brands.
In a market almost saturated with smartwatches and wristbands with their limitations and capabilities, Xiaomi’s Glorimi products have been able to gain considerable popularity within a year or two, using the formula of attractive appearance, high build quality, accurate sensors and, of course, an affordable price tag. Find users. The Glorimi M2 Max smartwatch, which was recently received by Zomit for review, is easily included in the list of the best smartwatches and wristbands in the Iranian market by filling almost all the boxes that make it worth buying.
To say without exaggeration; The Glorimi M2 Max was one of the few watches that I felt I had to own while reviewing! It’s not because of the bright screen or very accurate sensors and the ability to contact the iPhone effortlessly; But because of the wonderful user interface of notifications!
But before I talk about the unique display of notifications, let me start the review with a quick look at the general specifications and design of the watch.
Glorimi M2 Max specifications at a glance |
|
---|---|
Dimensions |
46.8 x 46.8 x 11.8 mm |
weight |
50 grams (with strap) |
body |
zinc alloy |
Display |
AMOLED 1.6 inches, 480 x 480 pixels, brightness 1350 nits |
Built-in GPS |
does not have |
Storage space |
4 GB (photo, song, and voice recording storage) |
battery |
360 mAh (about 6 days of daily use/20 days of standby) |
waterproof |
IP68 certified |
Sensors |
Optical heart rate sensor with the ability to calculate blood oxygen level (SpO2), accelerometer |
Speaker and microphone |
has |
operating system |
Exclusively compatible with Android 5 and iOS 9 and later |
Connections |
Bluetooth version 5.3 |
Eye-catching design with extra strap
The Glorimi M2 Max watch uses a large 1.6-inch circular screen in a zinc alloy frame, with a rotating button an aluminum action button, and a black/orange magnetic strap, which of course is available in black/blue, black/red, and white/blue colors. It is also available, it has an attractive and premium look. The 46.8mm size of the watch has an acceptable effect on narrow wrists, and its 50g weight does not cause any problems in long-term use; However, the magnetic strap makes you sweat a lot on hot summer days.
Glorimi M2 Max uses the IP68 degree of resistance against dust and water penetration up to a depth of 1.5 meters for 30 minutes; Therefore, it is not suitable for recording swimming activities in the pool. Inside the box, apart from the magnetic strap, there is an additional silicone strap with a screen protector and a magnetic charging cable.
Bright with more or less brilliant performance
The screen on the Glorimi M2 Max is almost flawless; 1.6-inch 60 Hz AMOLED with a resolution of 480 x 480 pixels and a brightness of 1,350 nits, which is a step higher than similarly priced watches with 600 nit screens. Colors are vivid and bright on this watch, the pixel density is such that icons look sharp and clear, and text is easy to read, even under the summer sun. However, due to the lack of an ambient light sensor, there is no automatic brightness and you have to manually adjust the screen brightness.
Glorimi watch is one of the few watches that does not discriminate between different ecosystems in the true sense of the word. Changing the language of the watch is done immediately without the need to restart, and by the way, the translation of the words is accurate and fluent.
Glorimi watch uses a proprietary operating system compatible with iOS and Android and a dual-core processor with a 2.5D graphics engine to display animated watch faces with a 3D feel. In this price range, you should not expect perfect performance from the watch, and sometimes we see a little lag in the corners of the operating system; For example, there is a slight delay in displaying the clock after lifting the wrist or switching between screens. The animation of moving watch faces is also a bit slow.
I tested the Glorimi M2 Max with firmware version 1.0.5 on an iPhone and most likely the lag issue will be fixed in future updates. Fortunately, I didn’t encounter any bugs during the review, and the display of notifications and calls was lag-free; The Bluetooth 5.3 connection was always established and, unlike most watches of the same category, it had no problem maintaining the connection with the iPhone.
This watch also uses four gigabytes of storage space to store photos, songs, and voice recordings. Transferring photos and songs is done through the HaWoFit watch app, and it is possible even on the iPhone.
Best implementation of the notification display
Glorimi M2 Max’s operating system, while similar to many other smartwatch OSes, benefits from a unique and interesting feature that Xiaomi refers to as a “Split Screen Browser”. While on most watches, swiping left and right simply switches between different apps, swiping right on the Glorimi M2 Max displays a small split screen in the left corner of the main screen. In this small space, you can see the time and date, quick access to notifications and the complete list of applications; You can also define a shortcut to access up to four applications by keeping your finger in this space.
The user interface of the Xiaomi watch is simple, clean, and straightforward and uses standard gestures to access different parts of the watch; By pressing the rotary button, the list of applications will open, and you can change their arrangement from the watch settings section. By rotating this button on the home screen, you switch between watch faces, control the volume in the Music app, and scroll through other pages. If you haven’t activated Always-on and Raise-to-wake to increase battery life, you can turn on the watch face by pressing the rotary button.
The second button is also a shortcut to the workouts screen by default, but you can replace it with any other app. A swipe down reveals quick settings that include brightness adjustment, Do Not Disturb mode, silent mode, raise-to-wake feature, power saving mode, watch face and sound settings, AOD mode, and several other options.
Split Screen’s right swipe and left swipe switch between several frequently used apps, including activity overview, heart rate test, blood oxygen level, stress, sleep monitoring, music control, and weather, and you can remove some of these shortcuts. Finally, swiping up reveals the notifications screen.
I am not exaggerating; Glorimi M2 Max has the best notification display implementation among all the smart watches reviewed by Zomit. Apart from the complete and perfect support of the Farsi language and emojis, it is as if there is no limit defined for the notifications of the Xiaomi watch! First, notifications are placed in separate categories depending on the application, and each application has its own official icon. Scrolling is also enabled for each notification so you can read messages almost completely (the only thing that doesn’t show fully is the link).
Notifications will be saved in any category you want; For example, the number of X social network category notifications reached more than 60 and continued! In comparison, the CMF Notting Watch Pro only keeps 10 notifications, and new notifications overwrite the previous ones.
Ability to call even for iPhone
Apple’s closed ecosystem does not allow many smartwatches to be compatible with the iPhone, and call support is usually one of the first features that fall under Apple’s monopoly; However, with the Glorimi M2 Max, you can easily connect it to the iPhone and enjoy all the functions of this watch, including answering calls, except for sending a quick reply.
Answering calls with the Xiaomi watch is done without problems and delays, and the performance of the speaker and microphone is satisfactory for use in a low-noise environment. The watch has a relatively weak vibration and is not suitable for waking up; But you can use several different ringtones for alarms and calls that have a suitable volume.
Glorimi M2 Max’s proprietary operating system does not support any app store and you have to go with the pre-installed apps on the watch that meet most of the user’s needs; Including weather app, calculator, watch lock with password, find phone, camera shutter control, alarm, stopwatch, timer, photo album, reminder, flashlight, Pomodoro timer, voice recorder, music control, and four mini-games. Of course, it is possible to synchronize information from the iPhone’s Health app with the watch, but Strava’s place is empty.
The shutter control unfortunately only works with the camera interface of the HaWoFit app, but the music control allows you to play songs from the watch itself or even save songs for the iPhone. Voice recording is one of those apps that are usually not found by default in smartwatches; However, the sound recording quality of Glorimi M2 Max does not disappoint.
In the watch application, you can access a diverse and colorful collection of watch faces with five different styles for AOD mode. Most watch faces are very busy and many of them use animated elements that may not suit all tastes. Fortunately, it is possible to use a custom watch face, and the process of installing it on the watch takes less than 30 seconds. In the personalization section of the watch face, you can choose from 5 different styles, although the front of the watch is too simple and does not match the design of the official watch faces.
Extremely accurate sensors
The Glorimi M2 Max smartwatch uses an accelerometer and an “advanced” heart rate sensor with the ability to calculate the blood oxygen level (SpO2) and an accelerometer, but there is no gyroscope or skin temperature and ambient light sensor; However, many of the health features the user needs are available in this watch; Including 24-hour heart rate measurement, heart rate alarm, blood oxygen measurement, sleep monitoring, a reminder of water consumption and movement, stress test, monthly habit tracker, breathing exercise and a new feature called Mood, which seems to be closely related to stress test.
But just providing health features is not enough; You should be able to trust their results. Fortunately, the Xiaomi watch showed an extremely accurate performance in the health and sleep monitoring tests, so that we can safely recommend the Glorimi M2 Max to people whose purpose in buying a smartwatch is health monitoring. As you can see in the table, the test results of the three health functions of the Xiaomi watch are almost equal to the results of the Galaxy Watch 4, which has accurate sensors.
Tests |
Glorimi M2 Max |
Galaxy Watch 4 |
---|---|---|
heartbeat |
86 beats per minute |
85 beats per minute |
blood oxygen level (SpO2) |
98 percent |
97 percent |
stress test |
normal |
normal |
I usually don’t expect much from the accuracy of sensors or even pedometers in this price range, but the Glorimi M2 Max blew me away in all tests. The sleep monitoring results are quite accurate and the pedometer did a great job of recording 100 steps with only one step difference.
The Xiaomi watch supports more than a hundred different workouts and all of them can be seen and selected from the watch itself. Since the watch does not have a resistance level of 5ATM, there is no mention of a swimming workout in the list of sports activities. For sports activities, information such as the number of steps, the amount of calories burned, the duration of the activity, the heart rate, and the speed of the steps are recorded. The Glorimi M2 Max lacks built-in GPS, but the map app has accurate positioning.
Satisfactory battery life
In terms of battery life, the Glorimi M2 Max fares very well. Xiaomi announced a battery capacity of 360 mAh and claims that it will last about 20 days in standby mode and 3 to 5 days in heavy use.
In my review, with 50% brightness, AOD and BT Switched off, notifications on, heart rate, stress, and oxygen levels constantly monitored, and about half an hour of calls and exercise per day, the watch lasted about six days on a charge. . If you enable AOD and BT Switch, the battery life will probably decrease to about 3 days. The watch is charged with a special magnetic cable and it takes about two hours to charge from 0 to 100 percent.
Is Glorimi M2 Max worth buying?
The Glorimi M2 Max smartwatch is an attractive product in many ways, and considering the price tag of about three million tomans, it has outstanding features that make its purchase worthwhile; Including a clear and bright AMOLED screen, full support for Farsi language in the menu and messages, very accurate sensors, the ability to call even with an iPhone, great implementation of notification display and satisfactory battery life.
But on the other hand, this economic watch also has limitations; Including the lack of built-in GPS, the lack of the ability to install external applications, the lack of ability to respond to messages (in Android phones, it is possible to send a quick response) and the lack of support for 5ATM resistance level to record swimming activity.
If texting, installing third-party apps, and built-in GPS are important to you, you might want to consider buying the Galaxy Watch 4, which, despite being three years old, costs almost twice as much as the Glorimi M2 Max, and isn’t compatible with the iPhone.
Read more: Galaxy Watch Ultra Review
The Galaxy Fit 3 is roughly the same price as the M2 Max and offers 5ATM resistance, fast performance, and drop detection, but lacks built-in GPS, calling, and app installation.
Along with its attractive appearance and built-in GPS, Notting’s CMF Watch Pro uses accurate and responsive touch sensors compatible with the iPhone, but at the time of review, it suffered from numerous software bugs.
In addition to the M2 Max model, the Glorimy brand also has two models, the M2 and the M2 Pro, where the M2 model is cheaper and the Pro model is more expensive and has a more luxurious appearance. The Max and Pro models share the same processor, but the Pro model has a slightly smaller screen, two extra straps in the box, and no storage space. The M2 has the same screen as the Pro but uses a possibly weaker processor. All three models do not differ in terms of features and capabilities.
The specifications of all Glorimy products can be seen on the official Glorimy website. Fortunately, these products benefit from 12 months of after-sales service, including a 6-month replacement warranty, and it is possible to register a service request and inquire about authenticity from the glorimi.ir website.
Why should we buy the Xiaomi Glorimi M2 Max watch?
- Excellent display of notifications
- The ability to call even with an iPhone
- Bright AMOLED screen
- Very accurate sensors
- Satisfactory battery life
- Affordable price
Why should we avoid buying the Xiaomi Glorimi M2 Max watch?
- Lack of built-in GPS
- It was not possible to install the app
- No ability to reply to messages
- No support for 5ATM grade
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