Technology
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 review
Published
4 months agoon
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 review
Maybe until two or three years ago, the experience of holding a device whose screen folds in half was amazing and magical; But now, six generations have passed since the first Samsung Z Flip and Z Fold foldable phones and the arrival of new players such as Google, Oppo, Motorola, Xiaomi and Huawei, folding screens don’t look so enchanting and extraterrestrial; However, the technology used in their construction still fascinates tech geeks.
When the Galaxy Z Fold 6 arrived at Zoomit for review, the question for most of us was no longer whether Samsung’s newest foldable is the best choice for people who are looking for foldable phones; Rather, the question was whether it is possible to put Galaxy Z Fold 6 in the list of the best phones on the market and recommend it to ordinary users without considering its special form factor rating. To be honest, despite the fact that five years have passed since the release of the first generation Z Fold and more than 10 years of research and development before it, foldable phones have not yet reached a stage where they can be justified as a preference for normal phones.
Galaxy Z Fold 6 specifications at a glance |
|
---|---|
hardware |
Description |
Dimensions |
153.5 x 132.6 x 5.6 mm (open) 153.5 x 68.1 x 12.1 mm (closed) |
Weight |
239 grams |
Displays |
Original: 7.6-inch LTPO OLED 120Hz – 374ppi Cover: 6.3-inch LTPO OLED 120Hz – 410ppi |
chip |
Snapdragon 8 Generation 3 |
cameras |
50 megapixel wide 12 megapixel ultrawide 10-megapixel telephoto with 3x optical zoom 4-megapixel selfie under the display 10 megapixel selfie cover |
battery |
4400 mAh / 25W maximum charging power |
Price |
1900 dollars |
There is no doubt that the Galaxy Z Fold 6 is Samsung’s most successful attempt so far in the foldable phone market; Lighter weight, higher resistance, shallower indentation, and slightly wider dimensions (of course, still not as much as the previous generation OnePlus Open or Oppo Find N3 phones; Samsung, stop being monotonous!).
To sum up, Z Fold 6 feels so good in your hand that you feel the old Folds are broken bricks next to it; But these snail’s advancements are very insufficient to replace phones that have no other advantage except for a larger screen and a classy factor, and are still lacking from normal flagships in terms of camera performance and resistance; When we add to this scale, the Z Fold 6’s price tag is almost double that of the Galaxy S24 Ultra (with a price increase of $100!), the balance is tipped in favor of regular phones.
For those people who are specifically looking for tablet phones, the Z Fold 6 is the safest and most logical choice; But what about people who are just looking to buy a powerful and all-inclusive phone? To find the answer, I suggest you join me (Marjan Sheikhi), Mohammad Hossein Moaidfar, and Zainab Abedirad in the continuation of the Galaxy Z Fold 6 review.
The most beautiful and durable Samsung Fold
On the surface, Galaxy Z Fold 6 is not much different from Z Fold 5; But these millimeter improvements have had a significant impact on making the phone feel more premium; For example, the device is 1.4 mm shorter, 1 mm wider, and 1.3 mm narrower in closed mode to get away from that elongated and unpleasant form factor; The corners of the device are sharper and flatter inspired by the S24 Ultra design; The bezels around the outer display have become symmetrical, and the phone’s weight has dropped by 14 grams, now only 7 grams more than the Galaxy S24 Ultra.
Another change in appearance that has contributed to the beauty of the Z Fold 6 is the matting of the phone frame. This year, Samsung uses a matte design for both of its folding phones, which is probably more compatible with the taste of many users; Of course, to control the weight of the device, Samsung uses aluminum instead of a titanium frame, which apparently has 10% more resistance than the previous generation. Navy, pink, gray, black, and white colors provide users with a variety of options, and the navy model we had for review had a very stylish and beautiful effect.
The biggest and most important changes of Z Fold 6 should not be found in what is visible but in the micro-coarse hammering behind the scenes. In fact, the unsung hero of Samsung’s new foldable is to increase the resistance of the device so that it can have a say in the crowded market of normal phones with high resistance levels and much lower prices.
Samsung says that it has added a new layer of neodymium material to the main screen, which can look soft and flexible like a combination of corn starch and water against finger pressure; But it should be hardened against strong blows to prevent serious damage to the screen; The new double rail hinge, while being narrower, shows better impact resistance, which according to Samsung, is twice as much as the previous generation.
Samsung has also added IP48 certification to its foldables for the first time, which offers a slight resistance to particles of one millimeter and larger than the previous generation’s IPX8; Of course, the dust particles are smaller than one millimeter and you still can’t take your luxury folding car to the beach or desert safely. Like the previous generation, Z Fold 6 can survive water penetration up to one meter for 30 minutes.
The hinge mechanism of Z Fold 6 is designed to keep the screen angle between 45 and 135 degrees, and like the previous generation, it can withstand up to 200,000 arm closures; For comparison, OnePlus guarantees one million wears for its foldable phone. Also, the folding glass panels use the same Gorilla Glass Victus screen protector 2 generations ago, which, according to Samsung, protects the phone against falling from a distance of two meters on surfaces such as asphalt.
With all these words, we expected more from the appearance changes of Galaxy Z Fold 6; Unfortunately, Samsung still insists on the elongated form factor of the Z Fold, while the Pixel Fold and OnePlus Open offer a more reasonable aspect ratio so that working with the phone in closed mode feels more natural and comfortable. Although the indentation in the middle of the screen is less noticeable than before thanks to the extra layer and a more resistant hinge, it still feels uncomfortable when scrolling and watching movies; While the Chinese competitors have solved the problem of the depression in the middle of the screen to a large extent.
bright and eye-catching displays; No generational progress
The main and external display of Z Fold 6 compared to Z Fold 5 has had minor and almost imperceptible improvements; The maximum brightness under intense light conditions is now about 8% higher than before and the 22.1:9 aspect ratio of the cover display offers a better experience than before and close to Sony Xperia 1 Mark 5; But it is still far from what we have in mind and are used to from a normal phone.
More precisely, the 7.6-inch main display of the Z Fold 6 with a resolution of 2160 x 1856 pixels and an adaptive refresh rate between 1 and 120 Hz is not much different from the previous generation, and with an aspect ratio of 20.9:18 in open mode, it looks almost square. ; The selfie camera under the display is hardly visible and does not cause any disturbance.
As we mentioned earlier, the depression in the middle of the display has been reduced; But it is still noticeable when scrolling and watching videos; Considering that OnePlus and Xiaomi solved the problem of the indentation in the middle of the screen last year, we expected Samsung to catch up with the Chinese competitors this year.
The external 6.3-inch screen of the Z-fold with a resolution of 2376 x 968 is slightly different from the image ratio of 23.1:9 and, as before, uses the old panel with an adaptive refresh rate of 120 Hz. Synchronizing the refresh rate between screens makes us have a unified user experience; This is not the case with the Z Flip 6 with a 120 Hz main display and a 60 Hz external display.
Samsung says that this year, the Z Fold’s internal and external display can achieve 2,600 nits of brightness; In the manual brightness mode and when Extra Brightness was on, we obtained the maximum brightness of the main display of 940 nits and the maximum brightness of the cover display of 926 nits, which does not show much improvement compared to the previous generation; But it still appears at the brightness level of flagship phones.
Galaxy Z Fold 6 display performance against competitors |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product/Test |
Minimum brightness |
Maximum brightness |
contrast ratio |
sRGB |
DCI P3 |
||
manual Automatically |
local |
cover |
Average error |
cover |
Average error |
||
Galaxy Z Fold 6 (main display) |
0.9 |
940 2000 |
∞ |
99.2 |
3.2 |
97.3 |
4.4 |
Galaxy Z Fold 6 (display cover) |
1 |
926 2150 |
∞ |
96.7 |
2.5 |
96.1 |
4 |
Galaxy Z Fold 5 (original) |
0.71 |
604 1843 |
∞ |
96.8 (Natural) |
3.3 |
99.9 (Vivid) |
4.7 |
Galaxy Z Fold 5 (Cover) |
1 |
603 1885 |
∞ |
91.9 (Natural) |
2.7 |
99.9 (Vivid) |
4.1 |
Pixel 8 Pro |
2.19 |
1165 1905 (HDR) |
∞ |
100 percent (Natural) |
1.0 |
98 percent (Adaptive) |
2.4 |
Honor Magic 6 Pro |
2.2 |
950 3300 (HDR) |
∞ |
99.3 percent (Normal) |
0.9 |
86 Percent Vivid |
3.6 |
Galaxy S24 Ultra |
0.7 |
914 2635 |
∞ |
102 |
3.5 |
81.8 |
4.4 |
iPhone 15 Pro Max |
2.15 |
1041 1950 |
∞ |
99.7 |
0.9 |
— |
— |
Switching to auto-brightness mode and exposure to harsh lighting conditions, the brightness rises to an impressive 2,000 nits for the main display and 2,150 nits for the cover display, which is closer to what Samsung promises. Also, the highest level of brightness when playing HDR content on the main and external display reaches 2100 nits and 2150 nits, respectively, which is not much different when interacting with SDR content.
The Koreans have apparently made a change in the panel of this year’s phones, which strangely cannot fully cover the wide color space of DCI-P3; This was very shocking to us in our review of the S24 Ultra. Fortunately, Samsung realized the weakness of its screens in the coverage of the color space and has added a slider called Vividness to the Vivid color profile of these phones, by increasing it, we managed to reach the DCI-P3 coverage from about 85% to a reasonable amount of 97%.
Except for this particular case, both the main and external displays of the Z Fold 6 show a good performance in terms of displaying colors; But they do not have the accuracy of normal flagships such as Pixel 8 Pro or iPhone 15 Pro Max. The colors on the Z Fold 6 displays in the Natural profile, which covers the sRGB color space, are relatively accurate and neutral; But in the Vivid profile of the DCI-P3 color space, which is more saturated than normal, they have lower accuracy than normal phones and tend to be produced coldly.
Artificial intelligence; The only software innovation of Z Fold 6
I feel that after talking about the form factor and performance of Samsung’s new foldable displays, it’s time to answer the basic question: whether the advantage of the Galaxy Z Fold 6’s large and foldable display, which is the main reason for the device’s astronomical price, really affects the user experience. Does it matter or not?
In our one-week experience with the Galaxy Z Fold 6 in various scenarios, we can say that the tablet nature of the phone makes a noticeable difference when playing games, viewing gallery images, and some multitasking applications; But in watching movies, surfing the web, reading books or writing long texts, it does not have a significant advantage over normal phones.
The reason why watching videos on the Fold’s widescreen isn’t much different than on a regular phone like the S24 Ultra is because most videos have a 16:9 aspect ratio, and when playing on a 21.6:18 screen, there’s a lot of top and bottom. The screen inevitably goes black; An event called “Letterbox”.
However, watching movies on the Z Fold 6 is a lot of fun thanks to the super high-quality stereo speakers. With the Z Fold 6, we watched parts of John Wick and Oppenheimer movies, which made for an epic and exciting experience due to the excellent volume, pounding bass, and clarity of dialogues in busy scenes and the details of the sounds of beatings and explosions. The performance of the speakers in playing music is also excellent, and in addition to the clean production of middle frequencies and bold treble, it showed a very good performance in distortion control.
If we want to talk about the applications of multitasking in Galaxy Z Fold 6 in more detail, apart from the possibility of dividing the screen into multiple windows and opening different applications floating, there is an important feature called Flex Mode, which divides the user interface into two separate parts as soon as the device is folded. .
In Flex Mode, the upper area of the screen is dedicated to the application itself and the lower area is dedicated to some control functions that provide different functions depending on the type of application; For example, in the YouTube application, control buttons are placed at the bottom of the screen so that these floating elements do not disturb the user’s vision while watching the video, and on the other hand, it is easier to move the video forward and backward, which is a positive point.
Currently, some default programs and a limited number of applications support such a mode, which is generally intended for folding devices and not just the Fold series, and Samsung has designed a replacement feature called Flex Mode Panel to fill this void. A condition where the device can be used in a semi-bent state. By activating the Flex Mode Panel, the lower part of the screen turns into a virtual trackpad so that you can work with the Z Fold 6 like a laptop.
Of course, it is better to keep the similarity to the laptop at the level of a conceptual plan; Because the experience of working with the device in Flex Mode is far from words than you can imagine, and the reason is clear, which is due to the very wide and limited dimensions of the screen in the curved mode. In this situation, if you put the phone on one side and work with the trackpad on the other side, and suppose you are surfing the web, you have to constantly scroll on the page.
In addition, multitasking and moving between open programs in Flex Mode practically loses its function, and for this purpose, it is better to settle for the device’s Unfolded mode. However, as a workaround, when the Flex Panel is enabled, the user interface elements are made smaller so that more of the content can be seen within this area.
The challenges of working with Flex Panel do not end there; For example, the keyboard is not optimized for this mode; That is, while typing, it is not possible to use the trackpad at the same time as the keyboard, and to control the mouse pointer, it is necessary to leave the keyboard; Even though Split Mode is considered in the keyboard; But it is better not to indulge in two-finger typing with Z Flip 6.
Despite the fact that Samsung in terms of the richness of features and optimization of the One UI user interface; Especially in foldable devices, moves ahead of its competitors; in my opinion, the introduction of such important and possibly fateful products solely focused on artificial intelligence, while not focusing on improvements and new capabilities for better multitasking, has fueled the uncertainty of the future of foldable devices to some extent.
With all this said, the One UI 6.1.1 Galaxy Z Fold 6 user interface is exemplary in terms of responsiveness, software optimization, and speed of operation, and rarely bugs, crashes, or visual gaffes, especially when switching between the internal display and the cover and Flex Mode, multitasking and You will experience moving windows floating; In other words, it can be said that such an experience cannot be found in the user interface of other companies’ foldable devices.
We talked about artificial intelligence and in response to the question of to what extent Samsung has used the potential of Z Fold 6 to introduce artificial intelligence capabilities, we have to say that imagine that you have traveled to a country whose language you do not know and now you want the Samsung translator program. Use it called Interpreter to talk to others in [your?] language. In this case, your own sentence will be shown on the internal screen and the translated sentence will be shown to the audience in the form of text and audio from the cover screen.
The Interpreter feature is all that Samsung has used in Galaxy Fold 6 as a showcase to introduce Galaxy AI, which looks attractive and practical at first glance; But really in your own language? no Since Galaxy AI features do not support Farsi, even in your own language you cannot interpret the dream that Koreans have seen for their users, at least for Iranian users it seems.
Therefore, the capabilities of artificial intelligence cannot have a strong role to justify the stubborn and defensible choice of this phone; Because due to the lack of Persian language, practically many of them which are used in everyday use are useless for Iranians.
Live translation of calls and chats of various messengers, converting voice to text in audio files, and summarizing the content of sites and notes in the browser and the Samsung Notes application, are among the features that are not very useful for Iranians, and whether Samsung has a plan to add Farsi or not, is still in the dark. It is ambiguous. On the other hand, according to the company’s official announcement, a number of Galaxy AI features will no longer be available for free after 2025.
Another category of Galaxy AI features, which at least geographically is not limited to a certain range of nationalities and Samsung has given more maneuvers on them, are features based on visual artificial intelligence. A number of these features were available with AI, such as removing or replacing objects and visual distractions, and now an imaginary object can be made to exist by dragging it.
The new function of the Galaxy AI collection called Sketch to Image can be used in three parts; You can call the mentioned tool through the Edge Panel and draw directly on the screen and turn your drawing into a graphic design or real objects or do the same in Samsung Notes.
The accuracy of the process of converting user drawings into real objects depends on the complexity of what you have drawn; After generating the design, you can also view various other proposed examples and choose one from among them. Also, in the gallery, when editing the photo, you can draw the desired objects and add them to the photo. Designs are produced based on the type of photo and adapted to it.
Speaking of drawing, it is not bad to mention that the Galaxy Z Food 6 does not support the regular S Pen that comes with the S series phones; As soon as we tried the Sketch to Image feature with the Galaxy S23 Ultra pen, a warning message was displayed saying that the S Pen Pro or S Pen Fold Edition should be used; Because normal pens damage the Samsung folding screen.
Another feature that has joined the Galaxy AI family is called Portrait Studio, which turns the recorded images of the face into various types of cartoon images and is more fun; The Live effect feature also gives face photos a 3D and animated look.
In the form of Galaxy AI capabilities, Text Composer has been added to the Samsung keyboard, which can be very useful for producing text with different tones from formal to colloquial, and for many applications, from letter writing to captioning for social networks, and in this case, it is exceptionally compatible with the Persian language.
Good photography experience, but not as good as camcorders
It is true that Galaxy Z Fold 6 is the most advanced Samsung product in terms of display technology; But in the field of photography experience, not only has there been no generational progress; But it has not reached S24 Ultra. Users who intend to buy Z-Fold, fully focused on the foldable screen, will have a satisfactory photography experience; But this experience is not at the level of expectations from Samsung’s most expensive product.
Perhaps the limitations of foldable devices are still the reason for stopping their evolution and the manufacturers are preparing a fundamental revision to be able to remove various limitations; However, controlling their final price for the customer still seems challenging. In any case, the Galaxy Z Fold series comes with the latest flagship chip every year, and in the photos captured with their camera, we see improvements, albeit small, at least thanks to the chip’s more advanced ISP. In the following, we will review the specifications of the Galaxy Z Fold 6 camera together.
The wide-angle camera uses the same 50-megapixel Samsung ISOCELL GN3 sensor that is widely used in products such as the Galaxy S24 and Galaxy S23 FE. This 1/1.57-inch sensor with 1.0 µm pixels relies on Tetrapixel technology to combine all four adjacent pixels to capture photos with a higher light absorption rate and 12.5MP resolution. To direct the light to the sensor, there is a lens with a focal length of 23 mm an aperture of f/1.8, and the possibility of optical stabilization.
The ultrawide camera uses Samsung’s 12-megapixel ISOCELL 3KU sensor , the size of each 1/3.2-inch sensor pixel is 1.12 micrometers, and behind a lens with a focal length of 13 mm and an aperture of f/2.2, which covers a 123-degree field of view. Due to the fixed focus range and lack of automatic focus, it is not possible to record macro images with the ultrawide camera.
The telephoto camera uses the same 10MP ISOCELL 3K1 sensor. This 1/3.94-inch sensor uses 1.0 micrometer pixels. Samsung uses it for the telephoto lens with f/2.4 aperture and 69mm focal length with 3x optical zoom in the Z Fold and Galaxy S24. Optical stabilizers and image-gyroscopic electronics have been used to reduce the intensity of vibrations when photographing a distant view.
The high price of the Galaxy Z Fold 6, regardless of its difference, forced us to measure its camera performance compared to the Pixel 8, which has a price below 50 million Tomans and uses an almost similar camera set; Does this foldable phone have a special advantage over a flagship phone with a much lower price or not?
Main camera performance (wide)
According to the photos below, the Galaxy Z Fold 6’s wide camera can take photos with a wider dynamic range, and the light and dark points of the image have better conditions than the pixel in terms of light balance.
Wide Pixel 8 photo
Wide photo of Galaxy Z Fold 6
Wide pixel photo cropping 8
Galaxy Z Fold 6 wide photo crop
If we want to talk about the details, we have to give the winning card to the Pixel 8 because it pulled out the details from the heart of the image a little better than the Z Fold 6 and we see even less noise in the photos.
Wide Pixel 8 photo
Wide photo of Galaxy Z Fold 6
Wide pixel photo cropping 8
Galaxy Z Fold 6 wide photo crop
In terms of color, the Pixel 8 is in better condition; because it has been able to record colors close to reality; While the colors on the Galaxy Z Fold 6 are somewhat saturated and exaggerated, they may look more attractive and captivating.
Wide Pixel 8 photo
Wide photo of Galaxy Z Fold 6
Galaxy Z Flip 6 main camera photo gallery
Ultrawide camera performance
Similar conditions apply to ultrawide camera photos. Z Fold 6 photos have better conditions in terms of dynamic range; But the Pixel 8 has been able to show a better performance than the Galaxy Z Fold 6 without artificializing the photo and making it sharper, giving the audience the feeling of a detailed photo.
Pixel 8 ultrawide photo
Ultrawide photo of Galaxy Z Fold 6
Pixel 8 ultrawide image cropping
Cutting the ultrawide photo of Galaxy Z Fold 6
Regarding the colors, it can be said that the Pixel 8 records more realistic images.
Pixel 8 ultrawide photo
Ultrawide photo of Galaxy Z Fold 6
Galaxy Z Flip 6 ultra-wide camera photo gallery
Telephoto camera performance
The telephoto camera of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 performs well in daylight and captures noise-free photos. The contrast of telephoto camera photos is slightly lower than wide and ultrawide; But in terms of color, dynamic range, and details, it will not disappoint you at all; Especially when you are photographing a specific subject (such as cats) at a not too far distance.
Wide photo of Galaxy Z Fold 6
Telephoto photo of Galaxy Z Fold 6
Galaxy Z Fold 6 wide photo crop
Galaxy Z Fold 6 telephoto crop
With a telephoto camera, you can take much more interesting portrait images than with a wide-angle camera. According to the photos below, you can understand the importance of this camera in terms of being close to reality.
Portrait photo of the main camera
Galaxy Z Flip 6 telephoto camera photo gallery
Night photography
The performance of the Galaxy Z Flip 6 cameras at night is also generally satisfactory. There is no news of noise and pseudo-like effects that enter the photo due to excessive processing or the high exposure time and the details; They are especially well depicted in the wide-angle camera.
Ultrawide photo
wide picture
Telephoto photo
Some image processing effects or loss of detail may be seen in places where there is focus of light; But regarding the photos of the telephoto camera, I have to shorten my position a little, because due to the smaller size of the sensor, it becomes a little more difficult to record an accurate and clear photo, and the phone becomes the hands of the algorithms.
The performance of selfie cameras
Galaxy Z Flip 6 uses two selfie cameras, one for the internal display and the other for the cover display. The selfie camera of the internal display is of the type below the screen and uses a 16-megapixel IMX471 sensor to absorb the necessary light from the empty space between the pixels of the screen. For this reason, it can optimally use only 4 megapixels of its area. The selfie camera of the cover uses a 10-megapixel IMX374 sensor .
Selfie camera photo (internal display)
Selfie camera photo (cover display)
Selfie camera photo cropping (internal display)
Selfie camera photo cropping (cover display)
The function of the selfie camera under the display is only suitable for video conferencing and video calls; Because with a little magnification, you will notice the fading of details and also a layer of blur in the photos.
Fortunately, there are no limits to taking selfies with the Z Fold 6, even if you are not satisfied with the selfie camera on the cover, you can take the device from the rear cameras in front of you and use the screen of the cover to record a selfie of the highest quality.
flagship chip; A guarantee for a perfect experience
Despite the fact that Galaxy Z Fold 6 does not show much progress in terms of software, camera, and of course the use of the potential of the folding screen compared to the previous generation, we must admit that it still offers the most complete user experience from a folding phone with a focus on multitasking and should not be Let’s not forget that an important part of this achievement, in addition to the software, will be owed to its hardware collection.
This year, Samsung has considered a customized version of the most powerful Android chip for its foldable flagship. The SD 8 Gen 3 chip with the For Galaxy extension beats at the heart of Z Fold 6 so that even the most demanding users can be comfortable with Z Fold 6’s performance.
The version of SD 8 Gen 3 for Galaxy has differences in the frequency of the CPU cores from the normal version of the chip, but in terms of the arrangement of the cores, it does not change and performs its processing tasks with the same combination of 1+3+2+2. The high-power core in the For Galaxy version works with a higher frequency of 90 MHz, and the low-power and middle cores work with a lower frequency of 100 MHz.
Since artificial intelligence also plays a prominent role in the user experience of the Z Fold 6, Qualcomm’s chip seems to be a very worthy choice for Samsung’s foldable; Because SD 8 Gen 3 uses a combination of CPU, GPU, and NPU for artificial intelligence processing, and devices equipped with this chip can handle a significant amount of AI-related tasks offline.
Galaxy Z Fold 6 performance against competitors |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product/benchmark |
chip |
Speedometer 2.1 |
GeekBench 6 |
GFXBench |
|
Web browsing experience |
GPU computing power |
CPU computing power |
Game simulator |
||
Vulkan/Metal |
Single/Multi |
Aztec Ruins Onscreen/1440p |
|||
Vulkan/Metal |
|||||
Galaxy Z Fold 6 |
Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 For Galaxy |
230 |
16627 |
2227 6684 |
63 61 |
Galaxy Z Fold 5 |
Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 For Galaxy |
174 |
9123 |
1937 5114 |
57 58 |
Xperia 1 Mark 6 |
Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 |
268 |
16385 |
2186 6555 |
69 112 |
Xiaomi 14 Ultra |
Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 |
167 |
16619 |
2165 6886 |
69 77 |
Galaxy S24 Ultra |
Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 for Galaxy |
240 |
17012 |
2262 7005 |
75 81 |
Pixel 8 Pro |
Tensor G3 |
131 |
5854 |
1766 4554 |
37 37 |
iPhone 15 Pro Max |
A17 Pro |
475 |
27503 |
2960 7339 |
59 46.8 |
Taking a superficial look at the benchmark results, we realize that the Galaxy Z Fold 6 has nothing less than other Android flagships in terms of processing power; So even if we don’t consider the other weak points of the new Fold, we can say that at least in terms of performance we are on the side of a worthy flagship. However, Galaxy S24 Ultra is still Samsung’s strongest flagship, and Z Fold 6 is not going to shake this position.
Samsung says that this year it has improved the cooling system of the Z Fold 6 and equipped its new foldable with a larger vapor chamber. Considering the slimmer phone and the challenges it can put in the way of cooling the device, Samsung’s attention to the cooling system seems quite logical.
The result of Samsung’s arrangements for the cooling system can be clearly seen in the execution of heavy processes such as games. Games such as Call of Duty: Mobile and Real Racing 3 even on the latest graphics settings do not cause any problems for the Z Fold 6 and run at the highest frame rate. The Genshin Impact game experience also happens with the most graphic details, smoothly and without any slowness, and in terms of temperature, it does not cause any problems for the phone body.
The game Call of Duty Warzone, which at least in the current versions, poses a great challenge to the most powerful smartphones, also became a problem for the Z Fold 6. If your expectations are high and you want to run the game on the highest possible graphics settings, not only will you not get a good experience from the game (the number we reported in the table), but the device will heat up (in areas close to the camera and on the display, about 43 to 45 degrees Celsius).
Galaxy Z Fold 6 performance in games |
||
---|---|---|
Games/Parameters |
Graphics settings |
Average frame rate |
Call of Duty: Warzone |
Peak |
25 frames per second |
Real Racing 3 |
— |
120 frames per second |
Genshin Impact |
Highest |
60 frames per second |
Call of Duty: Mobile |
Very high |
60 to 70 frames per second |
To have the smoothest possible game experience, we set the graphics settings to the game’s default preset named Smoother Gameplay. In this case, the phone does not heat up and the game can be played with a stable frame rate of 60 frames per second. Of course, in these settings, the game’s graphics are not impressive at all.
With all the interpretations and regardless of performance discussions, we must not forget that thanks to the large screen and a lot of space under the user’s hands, playing on the Z Fold 6 even in the worst conditions offers an enjoyable and unrepeatable experience.
Besides the games, the performance stability test can also be a suitable meter and criterion to measure the optimal performance and operation of the cooling system. In the graph obtained from the stress test, you can see that despite the sharp drop in the score in the initial rounds of the test (due to high processing pressure and the phone overheating), the Z Fold 6 has relatively stable performance in the later rounds of the test and does not experience sudden ups and downs. In terms of points, the Z Fold 6 is slightly lower than the iPhone 15 Pro Max and its fellow Galaxy family, the Galaxy S24 Ultra.
The Z Fold 6’s hardware improvements end there, and other complementary parts, namely RAM, storage, and battery, remain unchanged. Samsung launches the Galaxy Z Fold 6 with the same configurations as last year’s model, namely 12 GB of RAM storage space of 256 and 512 GB and 1 TB of UFS 4.0. Naturally, in none of the configurations, the user will not feel any discomfort about running different programs at the same time, especially during multitasking.
The 4400 mAh battery of the Z Fold 5 is also used in the new generation, and unfortunately, Samsung still insists on the 25-watt charging speed. Support for wireless charging at a speed of 15 W and reverse charging at 4.5 W are other specifications that we should know about Z Fold 6.
In order to have a better view of the difference in charging between the large internal display and the smaller external display on the Samsung Fold, we ran the usual Zoomit tests on both displays separately. Relying on the main screen of the Z Fold 6 and in Zomit standard tests (display brightness of 200 nits and cutting off all the phone’s communication features), you can get about 25 hours of video playback and about 11 hours of daily use. Although the charge on the main display has not improved compared to the previous generation, it is quite sufficient for a normal working day.
Read More: Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5 review, price and specifications
Galaxy Z Fold 6 battery life against competitors |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Product/benchmark |
Display |
battery |
Play video |
Everyday use |
Dimensions, resolution and refresh rate |
milliampere hour |
minute: hour |
minute: hour |
|
Galaxy Z Fold 6 (main display) |
7.6 inches, 120 Hz 2160 x 1856 pixels |
4400 |
25:10 |
10:54 |
Galaxy Z Fold 6 (display cover) |
6.3 inches, 120 Hz 2376 x 968 pixels |
4400 |
39:50 |
16:01 |
Galaxy Z Fold 5 (main display) |
7.6 inches, 120 Hz 2176 x 1812 pixels |
4400 |
26:40 |
10:31 |
Galaxy Z Fold 5 (display cover) |
6.2 inches, 120 Hz 2316 x 904 pixels |
4400 |
23:30 |
13:56 |
Xperia 1 Mark 6 |
6.5 inches, 120 Hz 2340 x 1080 pixels |
5000 |
33:00 |
19:00 |
Xiaomi 14 Ultra (China) |
6.73 inches, 120 Hz 3200 x 1440 pixels |
5300 |
20:38 |
12:19 |
Galaxy S24 Ultra |
6.8 inches, 120 Hz 3088 x 1440 pixels |
5000 |
27:41 |
14:05 |
Pixel 8 Pro |
6.7 inches, 120 Hz 2992 x 1344 pixels |
5050 |
— |
11:12 |
iPhone 15 Pro Max |
6.7 inches, 120 Hz 2796 x 1290 pixels |
4441 |
24:43 |
— |
If we only consider a user with a 6.2-inch external screen, the charging time will be around 40 hours in video playback and around 16 hours in daily use, which is compared to the previous generation and other smartphones of the same category (whose screen dimensions cover the screen). fold is also bigger) shows a noticeable advantage.
Generational progress is no longer a criterion
Galaxy Z Fold 6 with a more stylish form factor and higher resistance, up-to-date processor, and artificial intelligence capabilities is undoubtedly the best Korean foldable, but Samsung’s failure in terms of charging speed and especially design has made it no longer the only or even 100% best choice in the foldable market; For example, OnePlus Open and Mix Fold 3 both support 67W charging and have almost solved the problem of indentation in the middle of the screen; But the charging speed of Z Fold 6 reaches 25W and the indentation of its screen is still visible.
Samsung is ahead of the competition in terms of the user interface, software updates,s and camera performance; But it has maintained this gap for at least three generations, and it is not unlikely that the new generation of OnePlus, Xiaomi, or Google foldables will surpass Samsung in such cases.
Generational progress is no longer a criterion for foldable with a not-so-justifiable price; Because Samsung’s challenge is not limited to the emergence of new competitors in this still-deserted market. 6 generations have passed since the production of Galaxy Z Fold, But its sales are only 1.5% of the total market of sold phones. Since there are still no attractive and innovative applications that use the full potential of the dual display, it is unlikely that the Z Fold 6 will be able to persuade more users to buy hybrid phones.
As long as the basic problems of foldables are not completely resolved and their price is not economically justified, it is difficult to recommend their purchase to ordinary users. For now, the only advantage of these phones is the classy factor and larger screen for multitasking applications; However, those people who really need multitasking, with the same budget, can think of other tempting options; For example, a Galaxy S24 Ultra has faster charging speed, stronger cameras and higher resistance, next to a Galaxy Tab S9 or MacBook Air M3 tablet that does not have a magic screen and does not fit in a pocket; But they are highly portable and provide the user with more workspace.
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Apple Intelligence Review
Ten, eleven years ago, when the chief scientist of Siri’s development sat down to watch the movie Her for the second time, he tried to understand what it was about Samantha, the artificial intelligence character of the movie, that made the protagonist fall in love with her without seeing her; The answer was clear to him. Samantha’s voice was completely natural instead of being robotic! This made Siri in iOS 11, which was released about four years later, have a human (Terry) voice.
But Samantha was not just a natural voice, she was so intelligent that you thought she really had the power to think, and Siri iOS 11 was supposed to be more than just a natural voice; Or at least that’s what Apple wanted to show us. In the demo that Apple released that year of its programs for Siri, it showed a normal day in the life of Dwayne Johnson with his best friend Siri. While exercising and tending to her potty, Johnson asked Siri to check her calendar and reminders list, get her a Lyft cab, read her emails, show her photos of the clothes she designed from the gallery, and finally Rock in an astronaut suit. Suspended in space, we see that he asks Siri to make a Facetime call and take a selfie with him.
In almost all of Siri’s more or less exaggerated advertising, Apple tried to present its voice assistant as a constant and useful companion that can handle anything without the need to run a program ourselves. Siri was so important to Apple that Phil Schiller introduced it as “the best feature of the iPhone” at the iPhone 4S unveiling ceremony and said that we would soon be able to ask Siri to do our jobs for us.
But this “soon” took 13 years and we still have to wait at least another year to see the “real Siri” that was shown in the demos; I mean when Siri tries to get to know the user better by monitoring the user’s interaction with the iPhone and makes us unnecessary to open many applications every day.
For now, what the iOS 18.2 beta version of “smarter” Siri has given us is the integration with ChatGPT and a tool called Visual Intelligence, which offers something like Google Lens and ChatGPT image analysis together. To use Apple’s image generators such as ImagePlayground, Genmoji, and ImageWand, you must join a waiting list that will be approved over the coming weeks.
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Siri with ChatGPT seasoning
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visual intelligence; Only for iPhone 16
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And finally: the magic eraser for the iPhone
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Artificial intelligence writing tool
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Detailed features: from smart gallery search to the new Focus mode
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The most exciting features… yet to come!
With this account, Apple Intelligence not only joined the artificial intelligence hype later than its competitors and currently has almost no new and unique features to offer, but it is perhaps the most incomplete product that Cupertino residents have offered to their users.
Still, better late than never, and the future of Apple Intelligence looks even more exciting than its current state.
Siri with ChatGPT seasoning
The integration of Siri with ChatGPT means that instead of relying on Google to answer complex requests, Siri will now rely on the popular OpenAI chatbot (of course, permission must be obtained first; however, for faster responses, this option can be disabled by unchecking “Confirm ChatGPT Requests” In the ChatGPT section of the settings, disable it).
The quality of the answers is what we expect from ChatGPT, and Apple even gives you the option to download this chatbot application in the Apple Intelligence & Siri section of the settings; But the good news is that using ChatGPT is free and there is no need to create an account. If you have a Pro account, you can log into the app, but if you don’t, OpenAI won’t be able to save your requests and use them to train its chatbot later.
Beta version of Apple Intelligence
Request permission to ChatGPT
To use ChatGPT you probably need to change the IP
The real intelligence of Siri is where it determines what request to answer by itself, what request to ask Google, and what request to give to ChatGPT. For example, a question about the weather is answered by Siri, a question about the news of the day is usually left to Google, and if you have a request to produce text or image, Siri goes to ChatGPT; Of course, if you get bored and start your question with “Ask ChatGPT”, Siri will go straight to the chatbot.
Answer with Siri
Answer with Google
Reply with ChatGPT
The new Siri has a good feeling and the color change of the keyboard and the color halo around the screen when interacting with Siri is eye-catching; More importantly, we no longer need to call Siri to ask her name, and by double-tapping the bottom of the screen, the keyboard will pop up and you can type your request to her (a feature that shy people like me appreciate). However, the use of chatbots, which are also the most famous, is not a new thing, and it is unlikely that Siri’s connection with ChatGPT will excite anyone, at least until this moment.
We have to wait until 2025 for the story to become exciting; When Apple promised that finally ” real Siri ” will make us unnecessary to deal with different applications.
visual intelligence; Only for iPhone 16
Apple Intelligence is only available for iPhone 15 Pro and later users and iPads and MacBooks equipped with M-series chips; But the access to the Visual Intelligence feature in the iOS 18.2 version is even more limited and will only be available to iPhone 16 series users; Because of the “Camera Control” button.
Visual Intelligence is a mouthful for a feature that is not Apple’s initiative and we experienced it a long time ago with Google Lens (of course, the Circle to Search feature of Samsung phones has a similar situation). By holding down the camera control button, the camera view will open. If you tap on the Search option on the right, the subject you see in the camera will be searched in the Google Images section to find similar ones on different websites. If you select the Ask option on the left side of the screen, ChatGPT will come into action and analyze the image for you.
The user interface of Visual Intelligence is minimal and eye-catching, and it shows both the subject search results in Google and the ChatGPT answer in a card on the recorded image. In addition, after submitting the image to ChatGPT, you can continue the discussion about the subject of the image with the chatbot integrated in Siri. The results are useful and practical in most cases (for example, when you are looking for the name of a certain plant), but remember that artificial intelligence is not always reliable. For example, when I took a photo of a notebook with an external hard drive design, ChatGPT mistakenly thought that what it was seeing was really an external hard drive and started explaining its specifications.
The images you take with Visual Intelligence are not recorded on the iPhone, and Apple assures that it will not have access to these images; But if you’re logged into your ChatGPT account, OpenAI is likely to store a copy of the image on its servers for analysis.
The only headache of visual intelligence is specific to Iranian users (of course, except that this feature is limited to new iPhones); While image search in Google does not need to change IP, to analyze it in ChatGPT, you will probably have to change your IP. Sometimes this change causes Google search to not work properly, and constantly switching between VPN on and off can be annoying.
And finally: the magic eraser for the iPhone
Apple was a latecomer on the AI train, but the void for a tool to effortlessly remove distracting objects from an image was felt more than any other AI feature on the iPhone. I remember when Google first introduced Magic Eraser, I was quite surprised by its performance. iPhone’s Clean Up function, which has now been added to the Photos application, has exactly the same function, but it no longer has that sense of wonder, because it was released three years late.
Main image
iPhone eraser
Samsung Eraser
Main image
iPhone eraser
Samsung Eraser
Of course, iPhone’s Clean Up tool works cleaner than Galaxy’s Object Eraser in most cases, and if what you want to erase is small, it’s hard to notice its blank spot in the photo. The Clean Up tool automatically detects disturbing objects and draws a line around them. All the processing is done on the phone itself and therefore, it does not take more than a few seconds.
But Clean Up does not have a new feature to offer, and probably most iPhone users who needed such a feature have been using the same Magic Eraser of Google Photos for a long time; Especially since they don’t need new iPhones and Apple Intelligence to use Magic Eraser.
Artificial intelligence writing tool
The iPhone artificial intelligence writing tool (Writing Tools), which is now available as a new option after Copy in the Safari environment and also next to the pen option in the Notes application, is exactly what we have experienced with Google, Microsoft, and ChatGPT products so far; Of course, with this limitation that it does not support the Persian language and therefore, it will not be widely used for Iranian users.
The tool itself consists of various options, including text correction, rewriting, friendly tone, professional tone, summary, summary, key points, listing, and table creation, the last four options in addition to the “Describe your change” bar, which gives users more freedom of action. For example, you can convert the text format to poetry), are still missing in the iOS 18.2 beta version; But it will probably be available with the release of the public version.
New Writing Tools option
Different Options of Writing Tools
Rewrite text rewriting capability
Many rewrites are full of emotional words
friendly tone
Professional tone
summarizing
The last 4 options have not been released yet
If you need to rewrite English texts, Writing Tools has a relatively satisfactory performance; However, Apple’s language model has a habit of using buzzwords and flashy descriptions like “eye-catching”, “unique” or “innovative”, even in summaries! And this issue clearly shows the traces of artificial intelligence in the text.
But the most important features of Writing Tools are the ones that are not yet available in the beta version of iOS 18.2, and I guess they will completely transform the note-taking experience in the Notes application.
Detailed features: from smart gallery search to the new Focus mode
Apple Intelligence is full of smaller features that may be less obvious than linking Siri with ChatGPT and Clean Up, but are likely to be important in simplifying a wide variety of tasks.
Read more: iPhone 16 Pro Review
Smart search in the gallery
Searching images in the gallery has become smarter and understands natural language. For users whose gallery is unorganized and searching among thousands of photos has always been considered an impossible mission, artificial intelligence is really helpful. The results are not always related to the search term, but at least one or two are close to what you are looking for. Interestingly, the new search also recognizes facial expressions such as frowning and smiling and can find specific moments in video clips.
Man with camera
The girl is frowning
Outdoor environment at night
People walking
Intelligent Focus Mode
Apple introduced Focus modes to reduce distractions in iOS 15, and now a new mode has been added to the set of Apple Intelligence features; The Reduce Interruptions mode, which uses artificial intelligence, prioritizes notifications based on the degree of importance and displays only those that are really important from the point of view of artificial intelligence. It is possible to customize this mode like other Focus Modes and you can filter the apps and pages you want.
Smart notifications
Speaking of notifications, let me add that Apple’s AI now categorizes notifications and displays a one-sentence summary of their content. Summary of notifications works both with the iPhone’s own apps such as iMessage, and with third-party apps. When you enable Apple Intelligence, the notification display automatically becomes smart, but you can turn off the notification display completely or just for a specific app by disabling Summarize Previews from the Notifications section in Settings.
Summary of articles in Safari
When you enter Reader mode to read an article in Safari (English articles, of course!), at the beginning of the article you will see an option called “Summarize”, by tapping on it you can read a summary of about 50 words of the entire content within a few seconds.
For the most part, abstracts of non-app articles have a more neutral tone
The summaries of the articles are useful in most cases. For example, when you open the Dragon Age: The Veilguard game review article, you just want to know whether a certain website has a positive or negative opinion about this game. The tendency of Apple’s artificial intelligence to use emotional words can be seen here, and for example, regarding the article about the launch of the M4 Mac minis, seeing adjectives such as “impressive” or “stunning” in the summary seems a bit excessive. However, Summarize seems to be a useful feature for people who are busy and whose English is relatively good.
The most exciting features… yet to come!
About six weeks have passed since the release of the iPhone 16, and Apple’s intelligence capabilities are not yet fully available; Including the Image Playground image generator that turns text commands into cartoon images, or the Image Wand in the Notes app that adds an image related to your writing, or the Genmoji feature that allows you to create custom emojis with a text description.
But in my opinion, what can really make the Apple Intelligence experience unique and “magical” is Siri; Of course, not in its current form, but what is going to be released in iOS 18.3 and 18.4. Apple is working on features like “screen awareness,” “user behavior analysis,” and “in-app actions” to bring its voice assistant closer to the dream it’s had in mind for years.
For example, thanks to the ability to be aware of the screen, you can tell Siri “Send this photo to so-and-so” and Siri will know exactly which photo you are talking about. Siri also has a better understanding of the content of emails and messages, and if you ask Siri to find a specific message for you or tell you when you took a certain photo, it can answer you. And more importantly, Siri’s control over applications will increase significantly and it will be able to do things that it couldn’t do until now.
Of course, we have to wait at least until 2025 for these features to be ready, and it is not clear that Siri’s performance will be exactly what Apple has promised many times. Until then, perhaps the most important challenge facing Apple’s voice assistant is to make users remember that there is such a thing as Siri at all.
An in-depth look at the McLaren W1 supercar
First was F1 and then P1. Now, the W1 has stepped in to take McLaren’s illustrious legacy to new heights. With an astonishing 1,257 horsepower, a combination of advanced aerodynamics and innovative hybrid technology, the McLaren W1 is here to redefine a modern supercar; But can this new model continue the brilliant path started by F1 and P1 and make a place for itself in today’s fast and furious competitive world?
McLaren P1, McLaren W1 and McLaren F1
Eleven years ago, the P1 was recognized as one of the top icons of the automotive industry; The supercar that once held the title of king of the Nürburgring (a famous racetrack in Germany), with its hybrid drivetrain, surprising design, and heart-pounding power, proved McLaren’s power in terms of precision, speed and driving excitement.
Now W1 has entered the field; Not just to retire the P1, of course, but to redefine what it means to be a modern supercar. With technologies inspired by McLaren’s latest achievements in Formula One, the W1 promises a different and unique experience for super-fast car enthusiasts.
McLaren W1 is not only flawless in propulsion power and aerodynamic precision, but its design is such that it can show exceptional performance both on the road and on the track. McLaren used a powerful electric motor in the construction of the W1, which, in addition to increasing acceleration, provides better control of the car in sharp turns and hard roads.
There is no doubt that W1 is more advanced in many aspects compared to previous models; But the question is, can the name of this new car become as immortal as P1 and F1?
Stay tuned as we pit the amazing features of the McLaren W1 against the legendary P1 and see how the upstart British automaker is going to win the supercar throne game.
W1, McLaren’s most powerful production car to date
When it comes to engine power, the W1 and P1 are incomparable. The W1’s astonishing 1,258 horsepower and 1,340 Nm of torque make it the most powerful four-wheeled vehicle ever to come out of the McLaren lineup.
If you’re not too familiar with the concepts of horsepower and torque, you can think of horsepower as an athlete’s final power (eg, the ability to maintain a high speed over a long distance) and torque as their starting force at the start of a run (initial acceleration). Torque is the twisting force that helps the car to start moving and accelerate, while horsepower shows the final power of the engine, which affects the final speed.
Now, if we consider the dry weight of W1 (without liquids such as oil and fuel) which is 1399 kg, its power-to-weight ratio will be only 1.1 kg per horsepower. Such a ratio makes for incredible acceleration and is also a personal record for McLaren.
On the other hand, P1 is slightly lighter than W1 with a dry weight of 1,395 kg; But on the other hand, it has less power. This middle-aged king still produces 903 horsepower and 900 Nm of torque, which, unfortunately, does not even reach the production power of the Nunvar W1 hybrid engine.
McLaren W1 vs P1 performance stats
In terms of performance statistics, the W1 accelerates from a standstill to 97 km/h in just 2.7 seconds, reaches 200 km/h in 5.8 seconds, and breaks the 300 km/h record in 12.7 seconds. The speed of W1 is limited by an electronic limiter to 350 km/h.
P1 is slower; But not much. This car reaches a speed of 97 km/h in 2.8 seconds, which is still very fast by today’s standards; However, as the speed increases, the gap between the P1 and the W1 widens, to the point where the P1 needs 6.8 seconds to reach 200 km/h. Interestingly, the maximum speed of P1 is limited to 350 km/h just like W1.
Another interesting point is that the MotorTrend media found out that the acceleration from 0 to 97 km/h P1 is about 0.2 seconds less than the official McLaren statistics. This means that the distance between P1 and W1 in this field is summarized in only one tenth of a second.
Finally, it should be noted that various factors such as altitude above sea level, tires, weather conditions and driver’s weight can affect the time from zero to 97 km/h; Therefore, it is difficult to directly compare the statistics of the two cars in question, unless both cars are tested under almost identical conditions.
McLaren P1 and W1; Hybrid supercars
If you are even a little familiar with McLaren, you probably know that this brand has a special interest in using hybrid engines; But what does hybrid mean? Simply put, a hybrid vehicle has two power sources: usually an internal combustion engine (such as a gasoline engine) and an electric motor. The electric motor can both increase the car’s efficiency and lend extra power to the car and reduce fuel consumption when accelerating or moving at a low speed.
Keep in mind that McLaren, unlike some manufacturers such as Toyota, does not use electric motors solely for environmental purposes or to reduce fuel consumption. For McLaren, the main purpose of using electric motors in its cars is to increase the instantaneous torque and provide additional power that helps the car perform and accelerate faster.
The P1 was the first supercar that McLaren released with a hybrid system, and apparently the automaker realized the brilliance of its idea at the same time; Because since then, a wide variety of McLaren creations, including Artura and Senna, have joined the hybrid front. Of course, not everything became a hybrid; For example, in the chest of the 750S, a single internal combustion engine still beats proudly.
McLaren P1 has better electric range than W1
The W1 is the seal of approval for McLaren’s commitment to high-performance hybrid supercars. The electric engine of this engineering marvel produces 342 horsepower and 440 Nm of torque and can handle a huge SUV alone; But don’t expect much range from all-electric mode. In fact, the W1’s battery can only take the car for 2.4 to 3.2 kilometers, after which the V8 engine kicks in.
In contrast, the P1 has enough electric power to travel more than 10 kilometers on its own battery. Of course, the power of the P1 electric motor is not as powerful as that used in the W1, and this motor can only provide 177 horsepower and 260 Nm of torque.
The McLaren P1 is slightly rarer than the W1
The P1 was initially launched with a price tag of $1.15 million, But some of its special and special versions with unusual designs and features had a higher price. In the used car market, many of these models remain close to their original price, and some examples have even been sold for $2.5 million. Given the inflation of recent years, it’s not surprising that the W1 is now priced at nearly double the price of its predecessor.
In contrast, the McLaren W1 now sells for around $2.1 million; However, the final price depends on the extent to which willing buyers customize it.
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The McLaren W1 supercar is more amazing than you can imagine
On the other hand, McLaren produced a total of 375 P1s, making it one of the rarest vehicles in the world. W1 is also rare; But compared to the P1, some W1s will wear more tires on this dirt globe. McLaren plans to produce 399 units of its new supercar; All of them were registered in the name of their buyers before the official unveiling of the car.
The difference in the McLaren P1 and W1 body
Both the P1 and the W1 are aggressively designed supercars, and their appearance fits perfectly with the general mold of a supercar; But as the English say, beauty is in the eye of the beholder; This means that people may have different views about the attractiveness of each of these two cars. An important point that should not be forgotten is that the design of these cars is not only for beauty but also for practical purposes.
The design of the McLaren P1 body has made it possible to achieve a drag coefficient of 0.34Cd. The drag coefficient is a measure that shows the resistance of an object to the air flow. The lower the drag coefficient of a car, the easier the car can break the air and move forward; But the higher this coefficient is, the more force it will need to accelerate.
Thanks to its ultra-low drag coefficient, the P1 could produce 600 kg of downforce at top speed and stick to the road. The result of this feature was the excellent stability and grip of this supercar even at high speeds.
Despite the impressive performance of the P1, the spec sheet reminds us of the undisputed superiority of the W1. Thanks to its design and components such as its dynamic rear wing, McLaren’s latest behemoth can generate up to 1,000 kg of downforce and literally grip the asphalt.
The exact value of drag coefficient W1 is not yet known; But the W1 is rumored to be 20 percent more aerodynamic than the McLaren Senna, known for its excellent aerodynamic performance.
Also, the W1 managed to improve Senna’s time record for a track car by three seconds. In short, the impact of the aerodynamic and engineering advances on the W1’s performance is staggering.
Apart from all the performance issues, the W1 also shines in its styling. The design of the W1 gives the car a distinctive presence both on and off the track. This “presence” means the visual effect of the car; W1 is designed to attract attention and provoke admiration; Just like a stunning piece of art hanging on the walls of a museum.
Read more: Everything about Cybercube and Robo Van; Elon Musk’s robotic taxis
the last word; “Real supercar” McLaren
McLaren calls the W1 a “Real Supercar”. There is no doubt that McLaren’s latest supercar has surpassed the model that broke the boundaries more than a decade ago in many ways, But the W1 may have a tough road ahead of it to make the same impact that its brother did in its time.
At the time of its launch, the McLaren P1 set countless records; From setting the best times at the Nurburgring to shining at COTA (Auto Racing of America); But at that time, the competition was not so tight.
McLaren W1 alongside McLaren P1 and McLaren F1
The high-performance electric supercar revolution that has taken place in the years since the P1’s launch has changed the scene dramatically. With many automakers investing heavily in electric technology and dramatic improvements in supercar capabilities, setting new records is likely to be an even bigger challenge for the W1.
Don’t forget the McLaren F1; A model that is the most iconic supercar ever built and an irreplaceable jewel in McLaren’s history. By registering and defending the position of “the fastest production car in the world” for more than a decade, this car recorded its name as a legend in history; A record that showed its superiority in speed and engineering.
Even though more than 30 years have passed since the production of the first F1 model, this car still holds the title of the fastest production vehicle with a naturally aspirated engine (without the use of a turbocharger or supercharger). It is not without reason that the F1 is still more famous than the Jaguar XJ220 supercar and is always superior to the P1 and W1. F1’s combination of design, engineering, and performance has left a lasting legacy that continues to influence the automotive world today.
There is no doubt that the McLaren W1 represents the pinnacle of modern supercar technology, combining amazing performance with innovative hybrid technology. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, it will be exciting to watch the W1 perform not only against its predecessors but against a new generation of competitors that will challenge the boundaries of what supercars are capable of.
Technology
What is CPU; Everything you need to know about processors
Published
2 days agoon
07/11/2024What is CPU; Everything you need to know about processors
The central processing unit ( CPU ) is considered a vital element in any computer and manages all calculations and instructions that are transferred to other computer components and its peripheral equipment. Almost all electronic devices and gadgets you use; From desktops and laptops and phones to gaming consoles and smartwatches, everyone is equipped with a central processing unit; In fact, this unit is considered basic for computers, without which the system will not turn on, let alone be usable. The high speed of the central processing unit is a function of the input command, and the components of the computer only gain executive power if they are connected to this unit.
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What is a processor?
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Processor performance
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Operating units of processors
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Processor architecture
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Set of instructions
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RISC vs. CISC or ARM vs. x86
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A brief history of processor architecture
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ARM and X86-64 architecture differences
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Processor performance indicators
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Processor frequency
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cache memory
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Processing cores
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Difference between single-core and multi-core processing
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Processing threads
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What is hypertrading or SMT?
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CPU in gaming
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What is a bottleneck?
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Setting up a balanced system
Since the central processing units manage the data of all parts of the computer at the same time, it may work slowly as the volume of calculations and processes increases, or even fail or crash as the workload increases. Today, the most common central processing units on the market consist of semiconductor components on integrated circuits, which are sold in various types, and the leading manufacturers in this industry are AMD and Intel, who have been competing in this field since 50 years ago.
What is a processor?
To get to know the central processing unit (CPU), we first introduce a part of the computer called SoC very briefly. SoC, or system on a chip, is a part of a system that integrates all the components a computer needs for processing on a silicon chip. The SoC has various modules, of which the central processing unit (abbreviated as CPU) is the main component, and the GPU, memory, USB controller, power management circuits, and wireless radios (WiFi, 3G, 4G LTE, etc.) are miscellaneous components that may be necessary. not exist on the SoC. The central processing unit, which from now on and in this article will be called the processor for short, cannot process instructions independently of other chips; But building a complete computer is only possible with SoC.
The SoC is slightly larger than the CPU, yet offers much more functionality. In fact, despite the great emphasis placed on the technology and performance of the processor, this part of the computer is not a computer in itself, and it can finally be introduced as a very fast calculator that is part of the system on a chip or SoC; It retrieves data from memory and then performs some kind of arithmetic (addition, multiplication) or logical (and, or, not) operation on it.
Processor performance
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Comparison of Intel and AMD CPUs; All technical specifications and features
The process of processing instructions in the processor includes four main steps that are executed in order:
Calling or retrieving instructions from memory (Fetch): The processor first receives these instructions from memory in order to know how to manage the input and know the instructions related to it. This input may be one or infinitely many commands that must be addressed in separate locations. For this purpose, there is a unit called PC (abbreviation of Program Counter) or program counter, which maintains the order of sent commands; The processor is also constantly communicating with RAM in a cooperative interaction to find the address of the instruction (reading from memory).
Decoding or translation of instructions (Decode): Instructions are translated into a form that can be understood by the processor (machine language or binary). After receiving the commands, the processor needs to translate these codes into machine language (or binary) to understand them. Writing programs in binary language, from the very beginning, is a difficult task, and for this reason, codes are written in simpler programming languages, and then a unit called Assembler converts these commands into executable codes ready for processor processing.
Processing or execution of translated instructions (Execute): The most important step in the processor’s performance is the processing and execution of instructions. At this stage, the decoded and binary instructions are processed at a special address for execution with the help of the ALU unit (abbreviation of Arithmetic & Logic Unit) or calculation and logic unit.
Storage of execution results (Store): The results and output of instructions are stored in the peripheral memory of the processor with the help of the Register unit, so that they can be referred to in future instructions to increase speed (writing to memory).
The process described above is called a fetch-execute cycle, and it happens millions of times per second; Each time after the completion of these four main steps, it is the turn of the next command and all steps are executed again from the beginning until all the instructions are processed.
Operating units of processors
Each processor consists of three operational units that play a role in the process of processing instructions:
Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU): This is a complex digital circuit unit that performs arithmetic and comparison operations; In some processors, the ALU is divided into two sections, AU (for performing arithmetic operations) and LU (for performing logical operations).
Memory Control Unit (CU or Program Counter): This is a circuit unit that directs and manages operations within the processor and dictates how to respond to instructions to the calculation and logic unit and input and output devices. The operation of the control unit in each processor can be different depending on its design architecture.
Register unit (Register): The register unit is a unit in the processor that is responsible for temporarily storing processed data, instructions, addresses, sequence of bits, and output, and must have sufficient capacity to store these data. Processors with 64-bit architecture have registers with 64-bit capacity, and processors with 32-bit architecture have 32-bit registers.
Processor architecture
The relationship between the instructions and the processor hardware design forms the processor architecture; But what is 64 or 32-bit architecture? What are the differences between these two architectures? To answer this question, we must first familiarize ourselves with the set of instructions and how to perform their calculations:
Set of instructions
An instruction set is a set of operations that any processor can execute naturally. This operation consists of several thousands of simple and elementary instructions (such as addition, multiplication, transfer, etc.) whose execution is defined in advance for the processor, and if the operation is outside the scope of this set of instructions, the processor cannot execute it.
As mentioned, the processor is responsible for executing programs. These programs are a set of instructions written in a programming language that must be followed in a logical order and exactly step-by-step execution.
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What is the difference between mobile, laptop, desktop, and server processors?
Since computers do not understand programming languages directly, these instructions must be translated into a machine language or binary form that is easier for computers to understand. The binary form consists of only two numbers zero and one and shows the two possible states of on (one) or off (zero) transistors for the passage of electricity.
In fact, each processor can be considered a set of electrical circuits that provide a set of instructions to the processor, and then the circuits related to that operation are activated by an electrical signal and the processor executes it.
Instructions consist of a certain number of bits. For example, in an 8-bit instruction; Its first 4 bits refer to the operation code and the next 4 bits refer to the data to be used. The length of an instruction set can vary from a few bits to several hundreds of bits and in some architectures it has different lengths.
In general, the set of instructions is divided into the following two main categories:
- Computer calculations with a reduced instruction set (Reduced instruction set computer): For a RISC-based processor (read risk), the set of defined operations is simple and basic. These types of calculations perform processes faster and more efficiently and are optimized to reduce execution time; RISC does not need to have complex circuits and its design cost is low. RISC-based processors complete each instruction in a single cycle and only operate on data stored in registers; So, they are simple instructions, they have a higher frequency, the information routing structure in them is more optimal, and they load and store operations on registers.
- Complex instruction set computer: CISC processors have an additional layer of microcode or microprogramming in which they convert complex instructions into simple instructions (such as addition or multiplication). Programmable instructions are stored in fast memory and can be updated. In this type of instruction set, a larger number of instructions can be included than in RICS, and their format can be of variable length. In fact, CISC is almost the opposite of RISC. CISC instructions can span multiple processor cycles, and data routing is not as efficient as RISC processors. In general, CISC-based processors can perform multiple operations during a single complex instruction, but they take multiple cycles along the way.
RISC vs. CISC or ARM vs. x86
RISC and CISC are the two starting and ending points of this spectrum in the instruction set category, and various other combinations are also visible. First, let’s state the basic differences between RISC and CISC:
RICS or Reduced Code of Practice |
CISC or Complex Instruction Set |
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RISC instruction sets are simple; They perform only one operation and the processor can process them in one cycle. |
CISC instructions perform multiple operations, but the processor cannot process them in a single cycle. |
RISC-based processors have more optimized and simpler information routing; The design of these commands is so simple that they can be implemented in parts. |
CISC-based processors are complex in nature, and instructions are more difficult to execute. |
RISC-based processors require stored data to execute instructions. |
In CISC-based processors, it is possible to work with instructions directly through RAM, and there is no need to load operations separately. |
RISC does not require complex hardware and all operations are performed by software. |
CISC design hardware requirements are higher. CISC instructions are implemented using hardware, and software is often simpler than RISC. This is why programs based on the CISC design require less coding and the instructions themselves do a large part of the operation. |
As mentioned, in the design of today’s modern processors, a combination of these two sets (CISC or RISC) is used. For example, AMD’s x86 architecture originally uses the CISC instruction set, but is also equipped with microcode to simplify complex RISC-like instructions. Now that we have explained the differences between the two main categories of instruction sets, we will examine their application in processor architecture.
If you pay attention to the processor architecture when choosing a phone or tablet, you will notice that some models use Intel processors, while others are based on ARM architecture.
Suppose that different processors each have different instruction sets, in which case each must be compiled separately for each processor to run different programs. For example, for each processor from the AMD family, it was necessary to develop a separate Windows or thousands of versions of the Photoshop program were written for different processors. For this reason, standard architectures based on RISC or CISC categories or a combination of the two were designed and the specifications of these standards were made available to everyone. ARM, PowerPC, x86-64, and IA-64 are examples of these architecture standards, and below we introduce two of the most important ones and their differences:
A brief history of processor architecture
In 1823, a person named Baron Jones Jacob Berzelius discovered the chemical element silicon (symbol Si, atomic number 14) for the first time. Due to its abundance and strong semiconductor properties, this element is used as the main material in making processors and computer chips. Almost a century later, in 1947, John Bardeen , Walter Brattin and William Shockley invented the first transistor at Bell Labs and received the Nobel Prize.
The first efficient integrated circuit (IC) was unveiled in September 1958, and two years later IBM developed the first automated mass production facility for transistors in New York. Intel was founded in 1968 and AMD was founded a year later.
The first processor was invented by Intel in the early 1970s; This processor was called Intel 4004 and with the benefit of 2,300 transistors, it performed 60,000 operations per second. The Intel 4004 CPU was priced at 200 and had only 640 bytes of memory:
Intel CPU C4004 P0339
After Intel, Motorola introduced its first 8-bit processor (the MC6800) with a frequency of one to two MHz, and then MOS Technology introduced a faster and cheaper processor than the existing processors used in gaming consoles of the time, namely the Atari 2600 and Nintendo systems. Used like Apple II and Commodore 64. The first 32-bit processor was developed by Motorola in 1979, although this processor was only used in Apple’s Macintosh and Amiga computers. A little later, National Semiconductor released the first 32-bit processor for public use.
In 1993, PowerPC released its first processor based on a 32-bit instruction set; This processor was developed by the AIM consortium (consisting of three companies Apple, IBM, and Motorola) and Apple migrated from Intel to PowerPC at that time.
The difference between 32-bit and 64-bit processor (x86 vs. x64): Simply put, the x86 architecture refers to a family of instructions that was used in one of the most successful Intel processors, the 8086, and if a processor is compatible with the x86 architecture, that processor known as x86-64 or x86-32 for Windows 32 (and 16) versions bit is used; 64-bit processors are called x64 and 32-bit processors are called x86.
The biggest difference between 32-bit and 64-bit processors is their different access to RAM:
The maximum physical memory of x86 architecture or 32-bit processors is limited to 4 GB; While x64 architecture (or 64-bit processors) can access physical memory of 8, 16, and sometimes even up to 32 GB. A 64-bit computer can run both 32-bit and 64-bit programs; In contrast, a 32-bit computer can only run 32-bit programs.
In most cases, 64-bit processors are more efficient than 32-bit processors when processing large amounts of data. To find out which programs your operating system supports (32-bit or 64-bit), just follow one of the following two paths:
- Press the Win + X keys to bring up the context menu and then click System. -> In the window that opens, find the System type section in the Device specification section. You can see whether your Windows is 64-bit or 32-bit from this section.
- Type the term msinfo32 in the Windows search box and click on the displayed System Information. -> From the System Information section on the right, find the System type and see if your Windows operating system is based on x64 or X32.
The first route
The second path
ARM was a type of computer processor architecture that was introduced by Acorn in 1980; Before ARM, AMD, and Intel both used Intel’s X86 architecture, based on CISC computing, and IBM also used RISC computing in its workstations. In fact, Acorn was the first company to develop a home computer based on RISC computing, and its architecture was named after ARM itself: Acorn RISC Machine. The company did not manufacture processors and instead sold licenses to use the ARM architecture to other processor manufacturers. Acorn Holding changed the name Acorn to Advanced a few years later.
The ARM architecture processes 32-bit instructions, and the core of a processor based on this architecture requires at least 35,000 transistors. Processors designed based on Intel’s x86 architecture, which processes based on CISC calculations, require at least millions of transistors; In fact, the optimal energy consumption in ARM-based processors and their suitability for devices such as phones or tablets is related to the low number of transistors compared to Intel’s X86 architecture.
In 2011, ARM introduced the ARMv8 architecture with support for 64-bit instructions and a year after that, Microsoft also launched a Windows version compatible with the ARM architecture along with the Surface RT tablet.
ARM and X86-64 architecture differences
The ARM architecture is designed to be as simple as possible while keeping power dissipation to a minimum. On the other hand, Intel uses more complex settings with the X86 architecture, which is more suitable for more powerful desktop and laptop processors.
Computers moved to 64-bit architecture after Intel introduced the modern x86-64 architecture (also known as x64). 64-bit architecture is essential for optimal calculations and performs 3D rendering and encryption with greater accuracy and speed. Today, both architectures support 64-bit instructions, but this technology came earlier for mobile.
When ARM implemented 64-bit architecture in ARMv8, it took two approaches to this architecture: AArch32 and AArch64. The first one is used to run 32-bit codes and the other one is used to run 64-bit codes.
ARM architecture is designed in such a way that it can switch between two modes very quickly. This means that the 64-bit instruction decoder no longer needs to be compatible with 32-bit instructions and is designed to be backward compatible, although ARM has announced that processors based on the ARMv9 Cortex-A architecture will only be compatible with 64-bit instructions in 2023. and support for 32-bit applications and operating systems will end in next-generation processors.
The differences between ARM and Intel architecture largely reflect the achievements and challenges of these two companies. The approach of optimal energy consumption in the ARM architecture, while being suitable for power consumption under 5 watts in mobile phones, provides the possibility of improving the performance of processors based on this architecture to the level of Intel laptop processors. Compared to Intel’s 100-watt power consumption in Core i7 and Core i9 processors or even AMD processors, it is a great achievement in high-end desktops and servers, although historically it is not possible to lower this power below 5 watts.
Processors that use more advanced transistors consume less power, and Intel has long been trying to upgrade its lithography from 14nm to more advanced lithography. The company recently succeeded in producing its processors with the 10nm manufacturing process, but in the meantime, mobile processors have also moved from 20nm to 14nm, 10nm, and 7nm designs, which is a result of competition from Samsung and TSMC. On the other hand, AMD unveiled 7nm processors in the Ryzen series and surpassed its x86-64 architecture competitors.
Nanometer: A meter divided by a thousand is equal to a millimeter, a millimeter divided by a thousand is equal to a micrometer, and a micrometer divided by a thousand is equal to a nanometer, in other words, a nanometer is a billion times smaller than a meter.
Lithography or manufacturing process: lithography is a Greek word that means lithography, which refers to the way components are placed in processors, or the process of producing and forming circuits; This process is carried out by specialized manufacturers in this field, such as TSMC. In lithography, since the production of the first processors until a few years ago, nanometers showed the distances of placing processor components together; For example, the 14nm lithography of the Skylake series processors in 2015 meant that the components of that processor were separated by 14nm. At that time, it was believed that the less lithography or processor manufacturing process, the more efficient energy consumption and better performance.
The distance between the placement of components in processors is not so relevant nowadays and the processes used to make these products are more contractual; Because it is no longer possible to reduce these distances beyond a certain limit without reducing productivity. In general, with the passage of time, the advancement of technology, the design of different transistors, and the increase in the number of these transistors in the processor, manufacturers have adopted various other solutions such as 3D stacking to place transistors on the processors.
The most unique feature of ARM architecture can be considered as keeping the power consumption low in running mobile applications; This achievement comes from ARM’s heterogeneous processing capability; ARM architecture allows processing to be divided between powerful and low-power cores, and as a result, energy is used more efficiently.
ARM’s first attempt in this field dates back to the big.LITTLE architecture in 2011, when the large Cortex-A15 cores and the small Cortex-A7 cores arrived. The idea of using powerful cores for heavy applications and using low-power cores for light and background processing may not have been given as much attention as it should be, but ARM experienced many unsuccessful attempts and failures to achieve it; Today, ARM is the dominant architecture in the market: for example, iPads and iPhones use ARM architecture exclusively.
In the meantime, Intel’s Atom processors, which did not benefit from heterogeneous processing, could not compete with the performance and optimal consumption of processors based on ARM architecture, and this made Intel lag behind ARM.
Finally, in 2020, Intel was able to use a hybrid architecture for cores with a powerful core (Sunny Cove) and four low-consumption cores (Tremont) in the design of its 10 nm Lakefield processors, and in addition to this achievement, it also uses graphics and connectivity capabilities. , but this product was made for laptops with a power consumption of 7 watts, which is still considered high consumption for phones.
Another important distinction between Intel and ARM is in the way they use their design. Intel uses its developed architecture in the processors it manufactures and sells the architecture in its products, while ARM sells its design and architecture certification with customization capabilities to other companies, such as Apple, Samsung, and Qualcomm, and these companies They can make changes in the set of instructions of this architecture and design depending on their goals.
Manufacturing custom processors is expensive and complicated for companies that manufacture these products, but if done right, the end products can be very powerful. For example, Apple has repeatedly proven that customizing the ARM architecture can bring the company’s processors to par with x84-64 or beyond.
Apple eventually plans to remove all Intel-based processors from its Mac products and replace them with ARM-based silicon. The M1 chip is Apple’s first attempt in this direction, which was released along with MacBook Air, MacBook Pro and Mac Mini. After that, the M1 Max and M1 Ultra chips also showed that the ARM architecture combined with Apple’s improvements could challenge the x86-64 architecture.
As mentioned earlier, standard architectures based on RISC or CISC categories or a combination of the two were designed and the specifications of these standards were made available to everyone; Applications and software must be compiled for the processor architecture on which they run. This issue was not a big concern before due to the limitations of different platforms and architectures, but today the number of applications that need different compilations to run on different platforms has increased.
ARM-based Macs, Google’s Chrome OS, and Microsoft’s Windows are all examples in today’s world that require software to run on both ARM and x86-64 architectures. Native software compilation is the only solution that can be used in such a situation.
In fact, for these platforms, it is possible to simulate each other’s code, and the code compiled for one architecture can be executed on another architecture. It goes without saying that such an approach to the initial development of an application compatible with any platform is accompanied by a decrease in performance, but the very possibility of simulating the code can be very promising for now.
After years of development, currently, the Windows emulator for a platform based on ARM architecture provides acceptable performance for running most applications, Android applications also run more or less satisfactorily on Chromebooks based on Intel architecture, and Apple, which has a special code translation tool for has developed itself (Rosetta 2) supports older Mac applications that were developed for the Intel architecture.
However, as mentioned, all three perform weaker in the implementation of programs than if the program was written from scratch for each platform separately. In general, the architecture of ARM and Intel X86-64 can be compared as follows:
architecture |
ARM |
X86-64 |
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CISC vs. RISC |
The ARM architecture is an architecture for processors and therefore does not have a single manufacturer. This technology is used in the processors of Android phones and iPhones. |
The X86 architecture is produced by Intel and is exclusively used in desktop and laptop processors of this company. |
Complexity of instructions |
The ARM architecture uses only one cycle to execute an instruction, and this feature makes processors based on this architecture more suitable for devices that require simpler processing. |
The Intel architecture (or the X86 architecture associated with 32-bit Windows applications) often uses CISC computing and therefore has a slightly more complex instruction set and requires several cycles to execute. |
Mobile CPUs vs. Desktop CPUs |
The dependence of the ARM architecture on the software makes this architecture be used more in the design of phone processors; ARM (in general) works better on smaller technologies that don’t have constant access to the power supply. |
Because Intel’s X86 architecture relies more on hardware, this architecture is typically used to design processors for larger devices such as desktops; Intel focuses more on performance and is considered a better architecture for a wider range of technologies. |
Energy consumption |
The ARM architecture not only consumes less energy thanks to its single-cycle computing set but also has a lower operating temperature than Intel’s X86 architecture; ARM architectures are great for designing phone processors because they reduce the amount of energy required to keep the system running and execute the user’s requested commands. |
Intel’s architecture is focused on performance, so it won’t be a problem for desktop or laptop users who have access to an unlimited power source. |
Processor speed |
CPUs based on ARM architecture are usually slower than their Intel counterparts because they perform calculations with lower power for optimal consumption. |
Processors based on Intel’s X86 architecture are used for faster computing. |
operating system |
ARM architecture is more efficient in the design of Android phone processors and is considered the dominant architecture in this market; Although devices based on the X86 architecture can also run a full range of Android applications, these applications must be translated before running. This scenario requires time and energy, so battery life and overall processor performance may suffer. |
Intel architecture reigns as the dominant architecture in tablets and Windows operating systems. Of course, in 2019, Microsoft released the Surface Pro X with a processor that uses ARM architecture and could run the full version of Windows. If you are a gamer or if you have expectations from your tablet beyond running the full version of Windows, it is better to still use the Intel architecture. |
During the competition between Arm and x86 over the past ten years, ARM can be considered the winning architecture for low-power devices such as phones. This architecture has also made great strides in laptops and other devices that require optimal energy consumption. On the other hand, although Intel has lost the phone market, the efforts of this manufacturer to optimize energy consumption have been accompanied by significant improvements over the years, and with the development of hybrid architecture, such as the combination of Lakefield and Alder Lake, now more than ever, there are many commonalities with processors. It is based on Arm architecture. Arm and x86 are distinctly different from an engineering point of view, and each has its own individual strengths and weaknesses, however, today it is no longer easy to distinguish between the use cases of the two, as both architectures are increasingly supported. It is increasing in ecosystems.
Processor performance indicators
Processor performance has a great impact on the speed of loading programs and their smooth execution, and there are various measures to measure the performance of each processor, of which frequency (clock speed) is one of the most important. So be careful, the frequency of each core can be considered as a criterion for measuring its processing power, but this criterion does not necessarily represent the overall performance of the processor and many things such as the number of cores and threads, internal architecture (synergy between cores), cache memory capacity, Overclocking capability, thermal power, power consumption, IPC, etc. were also considered to judge the overall performance of the processor.
Synergy is an effect that results from the flow or interaction of two or more elements. If this effect is greater than the sum of the effects that each of those individual elements could create, then synergy has occurred.
In the following, we will explain more about the factors influencing the performance of the processor:
Processor frequency
One of the most important factors in choosing and buying a processor is its frequency (Clock Speed), which is usually a fixed number for all its cores. The number of operations that the processor performs per second is known as its speed and is expressed in Hertz, MHz (MHz for older processors), or GHz.
At the same frequency, a processor with a higher IPC can do more processing and is more powerful
More precisely, frequency refers to the number of computing cycles that processor cores perform per second and is measured in GHz (GHz-billion cycles per second).
For example, a 3.2 GHz processor performs 3.2 billion operations per second. In the early 1970s, processors passed the frequency of one megahertz (MHz) or running one million cycles per second, and around 2000 the gigahertz (GHz) unit of measurement equal to one billion hertz was chosen to measure their frequency.
Sometimes, multiple instructions are completed in one cycle, and in some cases, an instruction may be processed in multiple cycles. Since different architectures and designs of each processor perform instructions in a different way, the processing power of their cores can be different depending on the architecture. In fact, without knowing the number of instructions processed per cycle (IPC) comparing the frequency of two processors is completely meaningless.
Suppose we have two processors; One is produced by Company A and the other by Company B, and the frequency of both of them is the same and equal to one GHz. If we have no other information, we may consider these two processors to be the same in terms of performance; But if company A’s processor completes one instruction per cycle and company B’s processor can complete two instructions per cycle. Obviously, the second processor will perform faster than the A processor.
In simpler words, at the same frequency, a processor with a higher IPC can do more processing and is more powerful. So, to properly evaluate the performance of each processor, in addition to the frequency, you will also need the number of instructions it performs in each cycle.
Therefore, it is better to compare the frequency of each processor with the frequency of processors of the same series and generations with the same processor. It’s possible that a processor from five years ago with a high frequency will outperform a newer processor with a lower frequency because newer architectures handle instructions more efficiently.
Intel’s X-series processors may outperform higher-frequency K-series processors because they split tasks between more cores and have larger caches; On the other hand, in the same generation of processors, a processor with a higher frequency usually performs better than a processor with a lower frequency in many applications. This is why the manufacturer company and processor generation are very important when comparing processors.
Base frequency and boost frequency: The base frequency of any processor is the minimum frequency that the processor works with when idle or when performing light processing; on the other hand, the boost frequency is a measure that shows how much the processor performs when performing heavier calculations or more demanding processes. can increase. Boost frequencies are automatically applied and limited by heat from heavy processing before the processor reaches unsafe levels of computing.
In fact, it is not possible to increase the frequency of a processor without physical limitations (mainly electricity and heat), and when the frequency reaches about 3 GHz, the power consumption increases disproportionately.
Cache memory
Another factor that affects the performance of the processor is the capacity of the processor’s cache memory or RAM; This type of RAM works much faster than the main RAM of the system due to being located near the processor and the processor uses it to temporarily store data and reduce the time of transferring data to/from the system memory.
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What is L2, L1, and L3 cache memory and what effect does it have on processor performance?
Therefore, cache can also have a large impact on processor performance; The more RAM the processor has, the better its performance will be. Fortunately, nowadays all users can access benchmark tools and evaluate the performance of processors themselves, regardless of manufacturers’ claims.
Cache memory can be multi-layered and is indicated by the letter L. Usually, processors have up to three or four layers of cache memory, the first layer (L1) is faster than the second layer (L2), the second layer is faster than the third layer (L3), and the third layer is faster than the fourth layer (L4). . The cache memory usually offers up to several tens of megabytes of space to store, and the more space there is, the higher the price of the processor will be.
The cache memory is responsible for maintaining data; This memory has a higher speed than the RAM of the computer and therefore reduces the delay in the execution of commands; In fact, the processor first checks the cache memory to access desired data, and if the desired data is not present in that memory, it goes to the RAM.
- Level one cache memory (L1), which is called the first cache memory or internal cache; is the closest memory to the processor and has high speed and smaller volume than other levels of cache memory, this memory stores the most important data needed for processing; Because the processor, when processing an instruction, first of all goes to the level one cache memory.
- Level two (L2) cache memory, which is called external cache memory, has a lower speed and a larger volume than L1, and depending on the processor structure, it may be used jointly or separately. Unlike L1, L2 was placed on the motherboard in old computers, but today, in new processors, this memory is placed on the processor itself and has less delay than the next layer of cache, namely L3.
- The L3 cache memory is the memory that is shared by all the cores in the processor and has a larger capacity than the L1 or L2 cache memory, but it is slower in terms of speed.
- Like L3, L4 cache has a larger volume and lower speed than L1 or L2; L3 or L4 are usually shared.
Processing cores
The core is the processing unit of the processor that can independently perform or process all computing tasks. From this point of view, the core can be considered as a small processor in the whole central processing unit. This part of the processor consists of the same operational units of calculation and logical operations (ALU), memory control (CU), and registers (Register) that perform the process of processing instructions with a fetch-execution cycle.
In the beginning, processors worked with only one core, but today processors are mostly multi-core, with at least two or more cores on an integrated circuit, processing two or more processes simultaneously. Note that each core can only execute one instruction at a time. Processors equipped with multiple cores execute sets of instructions or programs using parallel processing (Parallel Computing) faster than before. Of course, having more cores does not mean increasing the overall performance of the processor. Because many programs do not yet use parallel processing.
- Single-core processors: The oldest type of processor is a single-core processor that can execute only one command at a time and is not efficient for multitasking. In this processor, the start of a process requires the end of the previous operation, and if more than one program is executed, the performance of the processor will decrease significantly. The performance of a single-core processor is calculated by measuring its power and based on frequency.
- Dual-core processors: A dual-core processor consists of two strong cores and has the same performance as two single-core processors. The difference between this processor and a single-core processor is that it switches back and forth between a variable array of data streams, and if more threads or threads are running, a dual-core processor can handle multiple processing tasks more efficiently.
- Quad-core processors: A quad-core processor is an optimized model of a multi-core processor that divides the workload between cores and provides more effective multitasking capabilities by benefiting from four cores; Hence, it is more suitable for gamers and professional users.
- Six-core processors (Hexa-Core): Another type of multi-core processor is a six-core processor that performs processes at a higher speed than four-core and two-core types. For example, Intel’s Core i7 processors have six cores and are suitable for everyday use.
- Octa-Core processors: Octa-core processors are developed with eight independent cores and offer better performance than previous types; These processors include a dual set of quad-core processors that divide different activities between different types. This means that in many cases, the minimum required cores are used for processing, and if there is an emergency or need, the other four cores are also used in performing calculations.
- Ten-core processors (Deca-Core): Ten-core processors consist of ten independent systems that are more powerful than other processors in executing and managing processes. These processors are faster than other types and perform multitasking in the best possible way, and more and more of them are released to the market day by day.
Difference between single-core and multi-core processing
In general, it can be said that the choice between a powerful single-core processor and a multi-core processor with normal power depends only on the way of use, and there is no pre-written version for everyone. The powerful performance of single-core processors is important for use in software applications that do not need or cannot use multiple cores. Having more cores doesn’t necessarily mean faster, but if a program is optimized to use multiple cores, it will run faster with more cores. In general, if you mostly use applications that are optimized for single-core processing, you probably won’t benefit from a processor with a large number of cores.
Let’s say you want to take 2 people from point A to B, of course a Lamborghini will do just fine, but if you want to transport 50 people, a bus can be a faster solution than multiple Lamborghini commutes. The same goes for single-core versus multi-core processing.
In recent years and with the advancement of technology, processor cores have become increasingly smaller, and as a result, more cores can be placed on a processor chip, and the operating system and software must also be optimized to use more cores to divide instructions and execute them simultaneously. allocate different If this is done correctly, we will see an impressive performance.
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How do processors use multiple cores?
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How do Windows and other operating systems use multiple cores in a processor?
In traditional multi-core processors, all cores were implemented the same and had the same performance and power rating. The problem with these processors was that when the processor is idle or doing light processing, it is not possible to lower the energy consumption beyond a certain limit. This issue is not a concern in conditions of unlimited access to power sources but can be problematic in conditions where the system relies on batteries or a limited power source for processing.
This is where the concept of asymmetric processor design was born. For smartphones, Intel quickly adopted a solution that some cores are more powerful and provide better performance, and some cores are implemented in a low-consumption way; These cores are only good for running background tasks or running basic applications such as reading and writing email or browsing the web.
High-powered cores automatically kick in when you launch a video game or when a heavy program needs more performance to do a specific task.
Although the combination of high-power and low-consumption cores in processors is not a new idea, using this combination in computers was not so common, at least until the release of the 12th generation Alder Lake processors by Intel.
In each model of Intel’s 12th generation processors, there are E cores (low consumption) and P cores (powerful); The ratio between these two types of cores can be different, but for example, in Alder Lake Core i9 series processors, eight cores are intended for heavy processing and eight cores for light processing. The i7 and i5 series have 8.4 and 6.4 designs for P and E cores, respectively.
There are many advantages to having a hybrid architecture approach in processor cores, and laptop users will benefit the most, because most daily tasks such as web browsing, etc., do not require intensive performance. If only low-power cores are involved, the computer or laptop will not heat up and the battery will last longer.
Low-power cores are simple and inexpensive to produce, so using them to boost and free up powerful, advanced cores seems like a smart idea.
Even if you have your system connected to a power source, the presence of low-power cores will be efficient. For example, if you are engaged in gaming and this process requires all the power of the processor, powerful cores can meet this need, and low-power cores are also responsible for running background processes or programs such as Skype, etc.
At least in the case of Intel’s Alder Lake processors, the P and E cores are designed to not interfere with each other so that each can perform tasks independently. Unfortunately, since combining different processors is a relatively new concept for x86 processors, this fundamental change in the x86 architecture is fraught with problems.
Before the idea of hybrid cores (or the combination of powerful cores or P and low consumption or E) was proposed, software developers had a reason to develop their products. They did not see a form compatible with this architecture, so their software was not aware of the difference between low-consumption and high-consumption cores, and this caused in some cases Reports of crashes or strange behavior of some software (such as Denuvo).
Processing threads
Processing threads are threads of instructions that are sent to the processor for processing; Each processor is normally capable of processing one instruction, which is called the main instruction, and if two instructions are sent to the processor, the second instruction is executed after the first instruction is executed. This process can slow down the speed and performance of the processor. In this regard, processor manufacturers divide each physical core into two virtual cores (Thread), each of which can execute a separate processing thread, and each core, having two threads, can execute two processing threads at the same time.
Active processing versus passive processing
Active processing refers to the process that requires the user to manually set data to complete an instruction; Common examples of active processing include motion design, 3D modeling, video editing, or gaming. In this type of processing, single-core performance and high-core speed are very important, so in the implementation of such processing, we need fewer, but more powerful, cores to benefit from smooth performance.
Passive processing, on the other hand, is instructions that can usually be easily executed in parallel and left alone, such as 3D rendering and video; Such processing requires processors with a large number of cores and a higher base frequency, such as AMD’s Threadripper series processors.
One of the influential factors in performing passive processing is the high number of threads and their ability to be used. In simple words, a thread is a set of data that is sent to the processor for processing from an application and allows the processor to perform several tasks at the same time in an efficient and fast way; In fact, it is because of the threads in the system that you can listen to music while surfing the web.
Threads are not physical components of the processor but represent the amount of processing that the processor cores can do, and to execute several very intensive instructions simultaneously, you will need a processor with a large number of threads.
The number of threads in each processor is directly related to the number of cores; In fact, each core can usually have two threads and all processors have active threads that allocate at least one thread to perform each process.
What is hypertrading or SMT?
Hyperthreading in Intel processors and simultaneous multithreading (SMT) in AMD processors are concepts to show the process of dividing physical cores into virtual cores; In fact, these two features are a solution for scheduling and executing instructions that are sent to the processor without interruption.
Today, most processors are equipped with hyperthreading or SMT capability and run two threads per core. However, some low-end processors, such as Intel’s Celeron series or AMD’s Ryzen 3 series, do not support this feature and only have one thread per core. Even some high-end Intel processors come with disabled hyperthreading for various reasons such as market segmentation, so it is generally better to read the Cores & Threads description section before buying any processor. Check it out.
Hyperthreading or simultaneous multithreading helps to schedule instructions more efficiently and use parts of the core that are currently inactive. At best, threads provide about 50% more performance compared to physical cores.
In general, if you’re only doing active processing like 3D modeling during the day, you probably won’t be using all of your CPU’s cores; Because this type of processing usually only runs on one or two cores, but for processing such as rendering that requires all the power of the processor cores and available threads, using hyperthreading or SMT can make a significant difference in performance.
CPU in gaming
Before the release of multi-core processors, computer games were developed for single-core systems, but after the introduction of the first dual-core processor in 2005 by AMD and the release of four, six and eight-core processors after that, there is no longer a limit to the help of more cores. did not have Because the ability to execute several different operations at the same time was provided for the processors.
In order to have a satisfactory gaming experience, every gamer must choose a balanced processor and graphics processor (we will examine the graphics processor and its function in a separate article) in a balanced way. If the processor has a weak or slow performance and cannot execute commands fast enough, the system graphics cannot use its maximum power; Of course, the opposite is also true. In such a situation, we say that the graphics has become a bottleneck.
What is a bottleneck?
In the field of computers, botlink (or bottleneck) is said to limit the performance of a component as a result of the difference in the maximum capabilities of two hardware components. Simply put, if the graphics unit receives instructions faster than the processor can send them, the unit will sit idle until the next set of instructions is ready, rendering fewer frames per second; In this situation, the level of graphics performance is limited due to processor limitations.
The same may happen in the opposite direction. If a powerful processor sends commands to it faster than the graphics unit can receive, the processor’s capabilities are limited by the poor performance of the graphics.
In fact, a system that consists of a suitable processor and graphics, provides a better and smoother performance to the user. Such a system is called a balanced system. In general, a balanced system is a system in which the hardware does not create bottlenecks (or bottlenecks) for the user’s desired processes and provides a better user experience without disproportionate use (too much or too little) of system components.
It is better to pay attention to a few points to set up a balanced system:
- You can’t set up a balanced system for an ideal gaming experience by just buying the most expensive processor and graphics available in the market.
- Butlink is not necessarily caused by the quality or oldness of the components and is directly related to the performance of the system hardware.
- Graphics botlinking is not specific to advanced systems, and balance is also very important in systems with low-end hardware.
- The creation of botlinks is not exclusive to the processor and graphics, but the interaction between these two components prevents this problem to a large extent.
Setting up a balanced system
In the case of gaming or graphics processing, when the graphics do not use their maximum power, the effect of processor power on improving the quality of the user’s gaming experience will be noticeable if there is high coordination between the graphics unit and the processor; In addition, the type and model of the game are also two important factors in choosing hardware. Currently, quad-core processors can still be used to run various games, but Hexa-core processors or more will definitely give you smoother performance. Today, multi-core processors for games such as first-person shooters (FPS) or online multiplayer games are considered essential for any gaming system.
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