Do you need to sign in to iCloud Mail, Calendar, Photos or Contacts on Android? Here’s how to access iCloud on Android phones.
How to access iCloud on Android phones
iCloud is a great way to sync your email, contacts, calendar, tasks, and photos across your Apple devices. But what if you decide to switch from an iPhone to an Android phone?
Apple doesn’t always play nice with other ecosystems, but you can access iCloud on Android with the right apps. In this article, we will show you how to access and use iCloud services on your Android phone.
Switching from iPhone to Android is easier than you think
If you don’t want to switch from Android to iPhone, it’s completely understandable. After all, they are completely different platforms with zero cross-compatibility.
Much of iCloud is actually available on Android through your web browser. You’re probably using Chrome, but any current browser should work for this. Simply go to www.icloud.com and sign in with your Apple ID.
Here, you can access Apple Mail, reminders, notes, and deleted versions of pages and numbers. This basic level of functionality is useful, especially if you jump between iPhone and Android (perhaps because you have one for home and one for work).
If this does not work for you, thanks to various applications and services, you can access iCloud from Android without using a browser. This allows you to:
Access iCloud Mail on Android
Sync iCloud contacts
View your iCloud calendar
View Apple Notes
Access iCloud Photos
Synchronize reminders
Enjoy your Apple Music collection
Continue reading to find out how you can make these iCloud connections to Android.
1. How to access iCloud emails on Android
In the first part of how to access iCloud on Android phones, we will check how to access iCloud emails on Android. Want to know how to get iCloud email on Android?
Every Android device has a Gmail app, and you can configure it to access your iCloud email account. (Other email apps also let you get iCloud Mail on Android.)
On the Login and Security page, click App-specific passwords .
Then click the Generate an app-specific password option or the Plus ( + ) button in the pop-up window.
4. You will be prompted to enter a description for the password, then click Create. You may be prompted to re-enter your Apple ID password to re-verify your identity.
5. Write down the password, as you will need it in a moment.
Next, on your Android phone:
Open Gmail and tap your email profile icon (usually a profile picture or company logo).
Tap on Add another account .
Select Other , then enter your iCloud email address and tap Next.
Add the password you created, then click Next.
Gmail will do the rest. Moments later, you’ll see your iCloud email account in the Gmail app. Now you can check iCloud emails on Android and also reply to any message.
2. How to sync iCloud contacts with Android
In the next part, how to access iCloud on Android phones, we will check how to synchronize iCloud contacts with Android. Syncing your contacts between iCloud and Android is relatively simple. First, you need to export your contacts from iCloud using a laptop or desktop (contacts are not available through iCloud.com on mobile browsers). Then, you will import the exported file into your contacts program. iCloud. com in mobile browsers). Then, you will import the exported file into your contacts program.
Here it is:
Open the iCloud website in a browser on your Mac (or other computer) and sign in using your iCloud email login credentials.
Then click on Contacts.
Click on the gear button.
Select all your contacts by clicking Select All (or a specific group by holding CTRL (Windows) or CMD (macOS) as you left-click).
Click the gear button again and select Export vCard to save the file to your computer.
Open contacts.google.com in your browser and sign in with the Google account you use for your Android phone.
On the left, click Import.
From the pop-up window, click on Select file and go to the vCard file.
Click on Import and the contacts will be added to your device.
If you’re not using Google Contacts (for example, you’re using a Samsung alternative), copy the virtual card file to your Android phone or tablet (perhaps using a USB cable or cloud sync), then import it into your Contacts app.
3. How to view your iCloud calendar on Android
In this part of how to access iCloud on Android phones, we will check how to view your iCloud calendar on Android. You can publish the contents of your iCloud calendar to Google Calendar, but note that this is a one-way sync. Any changes made to Google Calendar will not be reflected in iCloud. However, if you’re switching to Android completely, this shouldn’t be a problem.
Also note that the two systems aren’t fully compatible, so Google Calendar doesn’t display all the information that iCloud stores.
Start by opening the iCloud website in your browser.
Select the calendar.
Where the calendar name is listed on the left, click the Wi-Fi icon.
4. In the Share box, check Public calendar and copy the link to your clipboard.
6. On the left side, find Other calendars and click the + icon.
7. Select From URL .
7. Paste the calendar link from your iCloud calendar.
If someone else needs to see the calendar, check the box to make the calendar public.
8. When finished, click on Add Calendar.
Your iCloud calendar should now appear in your phone’s Calendar app, but give it up to 24 hours to fully sync.
4. How to display Apple notes on Android
In this part of how to access iCloud on Android phones, we will check how to display Apple notes on Android. Before continuing, you should know that using the Notes app in your browser is possible through the iCloud website. Although this may not be perfect, it is a useful option.
Syncing your notes from Apple’s Notes app to your Android device is simple, though it comes with limitations.
On your iPhone, open Settings > Notes and select Accounts .
Select Add Account and tap the Google logo to add your Google account.
Authenticate your account , then return to the Accounts page.
Select the Google account and tap on the Notes slider.
5. In the Notes app, look for the section where the header is your Gmail account.
6. All notes under this header will sync with the Gmail app, so move notes around as needed.
7. On Android, open Gmail and find the Notes tab on the left.
8. Your Apple Notes should be synced here.
It’s not the easiest way to get things done, but it gets your notes on Android quickly. Of course, you can’t edit the notes because they now appear as emails in Gmail. You also cannot sync them using this method.
You can always switch to an alternative note-taking app and have your notes available to read and edit wherever you are, on any device. Here are some of the best note taking apps for your Android phone.
5. How to view iCloud photos on Android
In this part of how to access iCloud on Android phones, we examine how to view iCloud photos on Android. While there is no iCloud app for Android, all the photos you took on your old iPhone can be viewed on Android through the iCloud website.
As before, simply open the site in your favorite Android browser and view them in the web app. Here you can view and even download photos.
Go to the iCloud website and sign in to your account.
Find the Photos card and select it. On the next page you will see all the pictures in your iCloud account.
In the Photos view, tap any image to view it.
In this way, you can access iCloud photos and view your pictures. If you want to download the images, follow the steps below:
In the sixth part of how to access iCloud on Android phones, we examine how to view Apple’s reminder on Android. Accessing iPhone-based reminders on Android isn’t as seamless as some other apps. Your only option is to access the Reminders app on the iCloud website through your phone’s browser. This method also allows you to create new reminders effortlessly.
While it doesn’t send notifications from iPhone to Android, you can check reminders and even copy them to the Google Calendar app.
7. How to access Apple Music on Android
In the last part of how to access iCloud on Android phones, we will check how to access Apple Music on Android. Don’t want to lose your Apple Music when you switch to Android? Do not worry. The Apple Music app is available on Android phones and provides you with all your playlists and music purchases without the need for further input. To use it, launch the app, enter your Apple ID to sign in on Android, and your songs will be ready to play.
Download: Apple Music (free, subscription required)
Connecting Apple iCloud to Android is simple
Syncing iCloud and your Android device may take some time to set up. But if you have email, contacts, calendars, and other data you want to sync across multiple devices, it’s worth the effort. Although having a dedicated iCloud app for Android isn’t easy, you should be able to do it without losing any of your data.
The iPhone 16 Pro is one of the least changed iPhones of the last few years, and at the same time, it offers the same reliable experience as before.
iPhone 16 Pro Review
We usually know Apple as a company that refuses to release half-assed products or software features and prefers not to enter a new field at all or to enter with a product that provides a reliable and efficient experience to the user. Accordingly, the iPhone 16 Pro is the most imperfect product in Apple’s history; I will explain further.
Table of contents
iPhone 16 Pro video review
Camera and Camera Control
Ultrawide camera
Main camera
Telephoto camera
Portrait photography
selfie camera
Performance and battery
Design and build quality
Display and speaker
Summary and comparison with competitors
Apple is marketing the iPhone 16 Pro with a focus on Apple Intelligence and its artificial intelligence capabilities; But now, even to experience Apple’s artificial intelligence half-and-half, you have to wait until the official release of iOS 18.1 in late October, more than a month after the iPhone 16’s launch. There is not even news of the attractive animation of the new Siri; The animation that inspired Apple to name the iPhone 16 event It’s Glowtime.
For those who have been unaware of the technology world since the early months of 2024, I must say that Apple Intelligence is Apple’s answer to Google’s Gemina, Samsung’s Galaxy AI, and even Microsoft’s Copilot. According to Apple Intelligence, Siri is going to be what was promised 13 years ago, during its unveiling; A full-fledged digital assistant that speaks to the user in natural language; Of course, apart from the advanced Siri, capabilities such as creating photos and emojis with AI, text writing and photo editing tools will also be added to iOS.
Note that we have to wait for iOS 18.4 to fully experience Apple Intelligence with all its features; This update will be released in the early months of 2025. iPhone 16 comes with iOS 18 by default; So it is not surprising that Apple lags behind its competitors with such a delay, and the iPhone 16 Pro is not a perfect device either.
Camera and Camera Control
Now that Apple Intelligence is out of the question, and as per Zoomit’s policy, we don’t review a device based on the promise of future updates, let’s leave AI out of the iPhone 16 Pro review headlines and start straight from the part that has changed the most. : Camera or rather, camera button.
While it was said that Apple is working on removing the physical buttons of the iPhone, this year surprisingly, another button was added to the iPhone 16 family; Although Apple insists on calling it Camera Control. Unfortunately, camera control is crude and incomplete both in terms of implementation and capabilities; I will explain further.
As usual with Apple, the camera control has a complex engineering behind its simple appearance. The surface of the control camera is made of sapphire and is surrounded by a stainless steel ring of the same color as the body. Under this surface, there is a precise force detection sensor with haptic feedback along with a touch sensor so that the camera control can simulate the shutter of DSLR cameras and recognize the swipe of the finger on the button surface.
Apple says that by the end of this year, with a software update, it will add a feature to the camera control that will allow the user to focus on the subject by half-pressing the button and record the photo by fully pressing it, just like professional cameras and Xperia phones. On the other hand, after the release of Apple Intelligence, the user will have access to Siri’s image search function with the camera control.
control camera; An interesting idea, but very immature
Currently, with the camera control, you can take photos, record videos, or change camera parameters; Thus, by pressing the button once, the camera application is launched, now if you press the button again, a photo will be taken, and if you hold it, the video will start, and as soon as you lift the finger, the video will stop.
In the camera environment, if you gently press the button twice without lifting your finger, the photography parameters will appear, you can switch between the options by swiping on the button surface, and you can enter the desired parameter settings with another gentle press. Among the photography parameters available are exposure, depth of field, zoom, switching between cameras, Style, and Tone, and we will talk more about the last two in the following.
To be honest, for me and many of my colleagues at Zoomit, it was much easier and more straightforward to touch the screen to navigate through the camera menu than to use the camera controls. Still, after 10 days of working with iPhone 16 Pro, it is very difficult and time-consuming to go to the photography parameters section and swipe to adjust the parameters; For example, it often happens that while swiping to adjust the value of a parameter such as Tone, the phone decides to exit the Tone settings and move between parameters.
One of the problems of the camera control comes back to the firmness of its button; Therefore, when taking pictures with this button, the phone shakes; An issue that may end up blurring the details of photos in the dark.
Apart from the safety of the button, the placement of Camera Control is also not optimal in my opinion; When using the phone in portrait mode, especially with the Pro Max model, you are likely to have trouble and need to use both hands; If you use the phone with your left hand, sometimes your fingers may press the button and disrupt the phone’s functionality.
If Apple fixes the problems and bugs of the control camera, maybe it can be used in two cases; First, during zooming, because you can have more precise control over the zoom level, and second, for faster access to Apple’s new settings for the camera called Style and Tone, which are very useful for photography enthusiasts; Now I will explain the reason.
iPhones usually have their own style of photography; iPhone photos usually have colors close to reality with a relative tendency towards warmth, and there is no mention of saturated and high-contrast colors; Of course, Apple introduced the Photographic Styles feature with iPhone 13 to satisfy the fans of high-contrast photography in the style of Google Pixels by providing different photography styles.
the battle of the flags; Comparison of iPhone 16 Pro camera with Pixel 9 Pro and Galaxy S24 Ultra [survey results]
iPhone 16 Pro? Pixel 9 Pro XL or Galaxy S24 Ultra? Which phone has the best camera? The result will surprise you.
With the iPhone 15, Apple adopted a policy that was not very pleasant for the public; In short, in order to use all the capacities of the powerful Photonic Engine with the aim of preserving the details of the shadows and highlights, the iPhone goes a little too far in the implementation of HDR to the point where the colors and shadows lose their power and do not have the previous dramatic sense.
The bad news is that the iPhone 16 Pro follows Apple’s previous policy and, so-called, records the shadows weakly; But the good news is that now with the evolved version of Photographic Styles, you can breathe new life into shadows and colors. With the new version of Photographic Styles, you can change the type of skin color processing and shadows, even after taking photos, you can change the photography style.
Discover your photography style with the iPhone 16 Pro
Before we see the effect of photographic styles on photos, let’s talk about their different modes first. iPhone photography styles are now divided into two general categories: Mood and Undertone; Apart from the standard photography mode, 5 Undertone styles and 9 Mood styles are available. Undertone styles adjust the skin tone of human subjects more than anything else, and Mood styles offer functionality similar to Instagram filters.
Undertone styles are as follows:
Standard: iPhone’s default photography mode
Amber: Intensifies the amber tone in photos
Gold: Intensifies the golden tone in photos
Rose Gold: Intensifies the pink-gold tone in photos
Neutral: Neutralizes warm undertones in photos
Cool Rose: Intensifies cool-toned color in photos
Undertone: Standard
Undertone: Amber
Undertone: Gold
Undertone: Rose Gold
Undertone: Neutral
Undertone: Cool Rose
Mood styles are as follows:
Vibrant
Natural
Luminous
Dramatic
Quiet
Cozy
Ethereal
Muted B&W
Stark B&W
Mood: Vibrant
Mood: Natural
Mood: Luminous
Mood: Dramatic
Mood: Quiet
Mood: Cozy
Mood: Ethereal
Mood: Muted B&W
Mood: Stark B&W
All styles can be customized with three new parameters: Palette, Color, and Tone; The Palette parameter changes the range of applied colors, Color adjusts the intensity of color saturation, and most importantly, Tone can change the intensity of shadows and contrast and bring freshness back to iPhone photos.
While the Palette parameter is adjusted with a simple slider, you have to use a control pad to adjust color and tone. Working with this pad is very difficult and boring; Because to change the value of each of the two parameters, you have to put your finger on the head pad and since you have no feeling about the exact location of the finger, it is difficult to change the other parameter by keeping one parameter constant.
The iPhone 16 Pro photography experience is slightly different from the previous generation
If, like me, you don’t feel like messing around with the control pad and slider, you can directly access the styles or the Tone parameter with the camera control button and believe that you can increase the attractiveness of iPhone photos just by changing the Tone; For example, pay attention to the following two photos:
Standard mode with Tone -7
Standard mode with Tone 0 (default)
As you can see in the photos above, without changing the styles and simply by reducing the intensity of the tone, both the shadows have returned to the photo, and the black color of Mohammad Hossein’s t-shirt is visible better than before thanks to the improvement of the contrast of the image.
Ultrawide camera
Leaving aside the discussion of photography styles, the iPhone 16 Pro camera itself has undergone several major changes, the most important of which is the upgrade of the telephoto camera sensor from 12 to 48 megapixels; The new sensor uses a Quad-Bayer filter and 0.7-micrometer pixels; Therefore, it seems that the dimensions of the sensor itself are not different from the 1.2.55-inch sample of the previous generation with 1.4-micrometer pixels.
camera
Sensor
Lens
capabilities
Wide camera (main)
48-megapixel Sony IMX903
Dimensions 1/1.28 inches
1.22 µm pixels
Phase detection autofocus
Sensor-shift optical stabilizer
24 mm
Aperture f/1.78
12, 24 and 48-megapixel photography
4K120 video recording
Dolby Vision, ProRes, and Log
Portrait photography
Telephoto camera
12-megapixel Sony IMX913
Dimensions 1/3.06 inches
1.12 µm pixels
Dual Pixel phase detection autofocus
Sensor-shift optical stabilizer
120 mm
Aperture f/2.8
5x optical zoom
12-megapixel photography
4K60 video recording
Dolby Vision, ProRes, and Log
Portrait photography
Ultrawide camera
48 megapixels
Dimensions 1/2.55 inches
0.7 µm pixels
Phase detection autofocus
13 mm
Aperture f/2.2
12 and 48-megapixel photography
4K60 video recording
Dolby Vision, ProRes, and Log
Macro photography
selfie camera
12-megapixel Sony IMX714
Dimensions 1/3.6 inches
1.0 µm pixels
Phase detection autofocus
23 mm
Aperture f/1.9
12-megapixel photography
4K60 video recording
Dolby Vision, ProRes, and Log
In order for the pixels to capture the right light, the ultrawide camera by default captures 12MP photos by combining 4:1 pixels and achieving 1.4 micrometer pixels; But with the HEIF Max photography format, it is possible to shoot with 48 megapixels, so that the user has more freedom to zoom in on the photos.
48-megapixel ultrawide photo – iPhone 16 Pro
12-megapixel ultrawide photo – iPhone 16 Pro
12-megapixel ultrawide photo – iPhone 16
Crop ultrawide camera photos
As you can see in the images above, the ultrawide 48 megapixel photo of the iPhone is somewhat more detailed in some parts; But it is generally softer than the 12-megapixel model. We also took photos of the same subject with iPhone 16; There is no noticeable difference between the 12 megapixel photos of the two phones.
Ultrawide iPhone 16 Pro camera with 1/25 second exposure
iPhone 16 ultrawide camera with 1/10 second exposure
Crop ultrawide camera photos in the dark
iPhone 16 Pro goes to Night mode and long exposure much less than the iPhone 16 in dark environments; Therefore, sometimes its ultrawide night photos are less detailed than the iPhone 16; For example, in the photos above, the iPhone 16 is exposed for one-tenth of a second; While the exposure of the iPhone 16 Pro was 60% less and equivalent to one twenty-fifth of a second; So it is not surprising that the cheaper iPhone photo is more attractive!
iPhone 16 Pro ultrawide camera photo gallery
The ultrawide camera of the iPhone 16 Pro generally takes attractive photos, But maybe it cannot be considered on par with competitors. The difference in performance with the best in the market is more noticeable in the dark; The iPhone 16 Pro’s ultrawide camera doesn’t appear so amazing in dark environments and records relatively soft photos. To evaluate the performance of the iPhone’s ultrawide camera against the competitors, I suggest that you read the comprehensive article comparing the 2024 flagship cameras.
Main camera
On paper, the main 48-megapixel camera of the iPhone 16 is no different from the previous generation in terms of sensor dimensions and pixels or lens specifications; But Apple calls this camera Fusion and claims that the sensor itself has become faster, and thanks to a new architecture called Apple Camera Interface, image data is transferred from the sensor side to the chip for processing at a faster rate; So now the main camera of the iPhone has the ability to record 4K120 Dolby Vision.
Record stunning videos with 120 frames per second video recording
HDR filming at a rate of 120 frames per second and 4K resolution requires very heavy processing; Because to implement the HDR effect, several 4K frames with different exposures must be compared and aggregated every second. If you have an external SSD and a high-speed USB 3 cable, you can also save 4K120 videos in professional ProRes and log formats, which give you more freedom when editing videos and correcting colors.
The 4K120 iPhone 16 Pro videos are very attractive and detailed and bring a wonderful visual experience to Armaghan. Since none of the 4K120 iPhone 16 Pro videos were uploaded properly to the app platform, you must refer to the YouTube links to watch the videos.
Thanks to the faster sensor and Apple’s new interface, 48-megapixel photos with HEIF Max format are recorded almost without pause and at a rate of about 4 frames per second. Like the previous generation, the iPhone combines multiple 12- and 48-megapixel frames, by default, it shoots at 24-megapixel resolution to provide a balanced combination of contrast, color, and detail; Of course, it is possible to take 12-megapixel photos alongside 48-megapixel HEIF Max photos.
48-megapixel photo of the main camera
24-megapixel photo of the main camera
12-megapixel photo of the main camera
Crop photos of 48, 24, and 12 megapixels
As you can see in the photos above, the 48-megapixel mode improves the details to some extent at the cost of overall softening of the photo and gives you more freedom to zoom into the photo; But the contrast and concentration of its colors are at a lower level than the 24 and 12-megapixel modes. The 24MP photos seem to have a good balance of detail, color and contrast.
iPhone 16 Pro main camera
iPhone 16 main camera
The main camera of the iPhone 16 Pro has recorded a little more detail in the photos above compared to the iPhone 16; But as you can see, the iPhone 16 Pro photo has a lower contrast, its colors are more warm than the iPhone 16, and the black color of Mohammad Hossein’s T-shirt does not match black enough.
iPhone 16 Pro main camera photo gallery
The photos of the iPhone 16 Pro’s main camera have the same feeling as the iPhone 15 Pro; They are full of details, the colors appear relatively natural, and tend to be a little warm. The iPhone does not artificially remove noise as much as possible; Therefore, even in the dark, it pulls out a high level of fine and intricate details from the subjects. The large dimensions of the sensor allow the iPhone to record 2x high-quality photos by creating a 12-megapixel crop from the middle of the full-sensor image of the main camera.
Telephoto camera
In addition to the renewed ultrawide camera, another big change is the addition of a 5x telephoto camera to the iPhone 16 Pro; Last year, this camera was exclusive to the iPhone 15 Pro Max. The new telephoto camera uses the same 12-megapixel sensor as the previous generation and provides the user with digital zoom up to 25 times.
iPhone 16 Pro telephoto camera photo gallery
The iPhone 16 Pro telephoto camera records 5x high-quality photos; The level of detail and colors of the telephoto camera are very similar to the main camera and match its mood. The telephoto camera also excels in low-light environments and takes good photos in the dark. But as we said in the comprehensive comparison of 2024 flagship cameras, the competitors perform better in this field.
1x photo
Double photo
3x photo
5x photo
10x photo
25x photo
The combination of the iPhone 16 Pro’s 48-megapixel main camera and its 5x telephoto camera allows us to record relatively high-quality zoomed photos in the range of 1-10x; Apart from the 5x optical zoom, the iPhone looks quite satisfactory at 2x and 10x levels.
Portrait photography
The iPhone 16 Pro relies on the main and telephoto cameras for portrait photography and uses the ToF sensor to accurately separate the subject from the background. 1x and 2x portrait photos are recorded with the main camera and 5x portrait photos are also recorded with the telephoto camera.
1x portrait photo
2x portrait photo
5x portrait photo
1x portrait photo
2x photo with natural bokeh
5x portrait photo
The iPhone had a poor performance in portrait photography several years ago, and the iPhone 16 Pro follows the same rule. Portrait photos are detailed and the bokeh effect implementation is gradual and similar to professional cameras. As we saw in the 2024 flagship camera comparison article, the iPhone beats even tough competitors like the Pixel 9 Pro and S24 Ultra in portrait photography.
selfie camera
The selfie camera of the iPhone 16 Pro is no different from the previous generation, and it still captures eye-catching photos with many details and true-to-life colors.
iPhone 16 Pro with all its cameras is capable of recording 4K60 videos with Dolby Vision HDR standard; Of course, you can also choose 24 and 30 frames per second for filming. Videos are pre-recorded with h.265 codec, But it is also possible to switch to the more common h.264 codec.
We shot at 30 and 60 fps and h.265 codecs, and the iPhone 16 Pro recorded very detailed videos in both modes with vivid colors, high contrast, and decent exposure control; If you want to see the video recording performance in competition with other flagships, don’t miss the iPhone 16 Pro vs. Pixel 9 Pro and Galaxy S24 Ultra camera comparison article.
Performance and battery
The next big change to the iPhone 16 Pro comes back to its chip. A18 Pro uses the familiar combination of 2 high-power cores and 4 low-power cores as a CPU, and this unit is accompanied by a 6-core graphics processor and a 16-core neural processing unit. Apple’s new chip is produced with TSMC’s improved 3nm lithography called N3E.
Technical specifications of the A18 Pro chip compared to the previous generation
Specifications/Chip
A17 Pro
A18
A18 Pro
Central processor
2 powerful 3.78 GHz cores with 16 MB cache
4 low-power 2.11 GHz cores with 4 MB cache
24 MB system cache
2 powerful 4.04 GHz cores with 8 MB cache
4 low-power 2.0 GHz cores with 4 MB cache
12 MB system cache
2 powerful 4.04 GHz cores with 16 MB cache
4 low-power 2.2 GHz cores with 4 MB cache
24 MB system cache
A set of instructions
ARMv8.6-A
ARMv9.2-A
ARMv9.2-A
Graphics
6-core
1398 MHz
768 shading units
Ray tracing
5-core
1398 MHz
640 shading units
Ray tracing
6-core
1450 MHz
768 shading units
Ray tracing
Memory controller
4 16-bit channels
RAM 3200 MHz LPDDR5X
The bandwidth is 51.2 GB
4 16-bit channels
RAM 3750 MHz LPDDR5X
The bandwidth is 58.6 GB
4 16-bit channels
RAM 3750 MHz LPDDR5X
The bandwidth is 58.6 GB
Record and play video
4K60
10-bit H.265
8K24 / 4K120 10-bit H.265
8K24 / 4K120 10-bit H.265
Wireless connection
Bluetooth 5.3 and Wi-Fi 7
Bluetooth 5.3 and Wi-Fi 7
Bluetooth 5.3 and Wi-Fi 7
modem
X70 modem
Download 7500 MB in the UK
Upload is 3500 megabits per second
X75 modem
Download 10,000 megabits per second
Upload is 3500 megabits per second
X75 modem
Download 10,000 megabits per second
Upload is 3500 megabits per second
manufacturing process
3-nanometer TSMC
3-nanometer TSMC
(Enhanced: N3E)
3-nanometer TSMC
(Enhanced: N3E)
Apple says it uses new cores in the CPU, which results in 15% faster performance than the A17 Pro and achieves the same level of performance as this chip with 20% less power consumption. Apple claims that the A18 Pro uses more cache memory compared to the A18 chip.
The A18 Pro chip has faster single-core performance than even multi-100W desktop processors.
According to Apple, the 6-core A18 Pro graphics is 20% faster than the previous generation. Apple says the ray tracing accelerator in the new GPU is also a 100% improvement over the previous generation.
The 16-core A18 Pro neural processing unit, like the previous generation, is capable of performing 35 trillion operations; But thanks to the 17% increase in bandwidth between the RAM and the chip, the new NPU performs better than before in real-world applications. The A18 Pro chip is connected to 8 GB LPDDR5x-7500 RAM with a high-speed memory controller.
iPhone 16 Pro performance against competitors
Product/benchmark
chip
Speedometer 2.1
GeekBench 6
GFXBench
Web browsing experience
GPU computing power
CPU computing power
Game simulator
Vulkan/Metal
Single/Multi
Aztec Ruins
Onscreen/1440p
Vulkan/Metal
iPhone 16 Pro
A18 Pro
572
33105
3542
8801
59
70
iPhone 16
A18
554
28025
3440
8406
59
61
iPhone 15 Pro
A17 Pro
475
27503
2960
7339
59
46.8
Piura 70 Ultra
(Performance Mode)
Kirin 9010
235
1528
(Failed)
1452
4494
32
30
Pixel 9 Pro
Tensor G4
221
6965
1945
4709
70
44
Galaxy S24 Ultra
Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 for Galaxy
240
17012
2262
7005
75
81
iPhone 16 Pro is noticeably faster than current Android flagships; The difference of about 60% in single-core CPU performance with the Galaxy S24 Ultra clearly shows how fast the iPhone 16 Pro appears in everyday use.
Apple’s 2024 flagship dictates its 95% advantage over a rival such as the Galaxy S24 Ultra when using the GPU for calculations such as blurring the background of photos and face recognition; However, in the rendering of games, the advantage is still with the Galaxy and the Snapdragon 8 generation 3 chip.
The performance of the neural processing unit of the iPhone 16 Pro against competitors
phone/parameters
framework
intermediary
Single count accuracy score (FP32)
iPhone 16 Pro
Core ML
Neural Engine
4647
iPhone 15 Pro
Core ML
Neural Engine
3862
Piura 70 Ultra
TensorFlow Lite
NNAPI
235
Pixel 9 Pro
TensorFlow Lite
NNAPI
347
Galaxy S24 Ultra
TensorFlow Lite
NNAPI
477
The neural processing unit of the iPhone 16 Pro outperforms the Galaxy S24 Ultra in the GeekBench AI benchmark by an astronomical 870%; Now we have to wait until the release of Apple’s artificial intelligence capabilities to see if such a difference is reasonable or just a bug in the benchmark software.
Like the previous generation, Apple sells the iPhone 16 Pro in versions of 128, 256, 512 GB and 1 TB with NVMe storage; While the base model of the iPhone 16 Pro Max uses 256 GB of storage space. Benchmarks show that the storage speed of the iPhone 16 Pro is no different from the previous generation.
iPhone 16 Pro storage speed compared to competitors
phone model
Sequential reading rate
Sequential write rate
iPhone 16 Pro
1636 megabytes
1340 megabytes
iPhone 15 Pro
1652 MB UK
1380 megabytes
Pixel 9 Pro XL
1350 megabytes
171 megabytes
Galaxy S24 Ultra
2473 megabytes
1471 megabytes
If we leave the numbers aside, we will face the fact that the feeling of using the iPhone 16 Pro in everyday use is not much different from the iPhone 15 Pro or even the iPhone 14 Pro. The performance gap between the new iPhone and the previous generations is the reason that the phone can still provide good performance with the standard of a few years later, and of course, it can handle the heavy processing of Apple Intelligence.
Apple says that with the changes made in the internal structure of the iPhone 16 Pro; Including the metal shell of the battery (pro model only), the phone can now perform up to 20% more stable in heavy usage. This performance stability improvement is felt to some extent; The phone does not get hot while playing graphic games and its performance drops less than before; In the Zomit stability test, the iPhone 16 Pro dropped less than the Galaxy S24 Ultra and the previous generation; The maximum temperature of his body reached 47 degrees Celsius.
In order to measure the performance stability of the iPhone 16 Pro in applications other than playing heavy games, we went to the CPU stress test; This test involves all CPU cores for 20 minutes and at the end shows what level of performance capacity the CPU provides after heating up under heavy processing load.
CPU performance stability test under heavy processing load for 20 minutes
In our tests, the iPhone 16 Pro was able to provide 84% of its performance level to the user after 20 minutes; Therefore, the iPhone probably rarely lags and drops frames during very heavy use. In the CPU stress test, the body of the device reached about 45 degrees Celsius.
This year, Apple has increased the battery capacity of the iPhone 16 Pro and 16 Pro Max by about 10%; This issue, along with the A18 Pro chip’s excellence, makes the new flagships have very good charging; In such a way that Apple considers the iPhone 16 Pro Max as “the best iPhone in history in terms of charging”.
Cupertino residents announce the charging time of the new iPhones with the duration of video playback and say that the iPhone 16 Pro has 4 hours more charging time compared to the previous generation with 27 hours of video playback. Zomit tests also show 26 hours and 5 minutes of charging time for the new iPhone, which is more or less consistent with Apple’s claim.
iPhone 16 Pro battery life against competitors
Product/benchmark
Display
battery
Play video
Everyday use
Dimensions, resolution, and refresh rate
milliampere hour
minute: hour
minute: hour
iPhone 16 Pro
6.3 inches, 120 Hz
2622 x 1206 pixels
3582
26:05
—
iPhone 15 Pro
6.1 inches, 120 Hz
2556 x 1179 pixels
3274
21:11
—
iPhone 15 Pro Max
6.7 inches, 120 Hz
2796 x 1290 pixels
4441
24:43
—
Pixel 9 Pro XL
6.8 inches, 120 Hz
2992 × 1344 pixels (Native)
5060
25:00
13:25
Piura 70 Ultra
6.8 inches, 120 Hz
2844 x 1260 pixels
5200
25:00
17:00
Galaxy S24 Ultra
6.8 inches, 120 Hz
3088 x 1440 pixels
5000
27:41
14:05
Another change of the iPhone 16 Pro goes back to increasing the charging speed; Apple’s new flagship now supports wired charging with a power of 30 watts, and if the same charger is connected to the Magsafe wireless charging pad, the wireless charging power reaches 25 watts, which, according to Apple, can charge the battery from zero to 50% within 30 minutes.
Very good charging and beyond the last generation
Although the wired charging speed of the iPhone 16 Pro has increased from 20 to 30 watts; again, it takes about 100 minutes to fully charge the battery; Because both the battery capacity has increased by 10%, and the iPhone charges between 85 and 100% at a very low speed; Even with the optimal battery charging function turned off, the phone needs about 35-40 minutes to complete the remaining 15% of the battery capacity.
Design and build quality
Leaving aside the fundamental and significant changes of the iPhone, what you will notice at first glance is the increase in the size of the phone, especially in the iPhone 16 Pro Max, and the narrowing of the edges around the screen.
iPhone 16 Pro and Pro Max use 6.3 and 6.9-inch screens with an increase of 0.2 inches in screen diameter compared to several previous generations; So it is not strange that the physical dimensions and weight also increase; Both phones are about 3 mm longer and 1 mm wider and 12 and 6 grams heavier, respectively; Therefore, the increase in the weight of the iPhone 16 Pro is more significant, and the 16 Pro Max sits worse in the hand than before and requires constant two-handed use.
The borders around the display have become noticeably narrower; Now, around the screen of the iPhone 16 Pro, a border with a thickness of a little more than one millimeter (1.15 millimeters to be exact) is covered; While the thickness of the edges of the iPhone 15 Pro is about 1.5 mm, and it reaches more than 2 mm for the iPhone 16; Of course, you should pay attention that by putting the cover on the phone, the narrowness of the edges is less noticeable.
Another change in the appearance of the iPhone 16 Pro is the addition of the Desert Titanium color option to the device’s coloring and the removal of the Blue Titanium option. The new color is more similar to cream with a golden frame; But unfortunately, we didn’t have this color to review. Other color options are limited to neutral and understated Black Titanium, White Titanium, and Natural Titanium.
The design of the iPhone 16 Pro is no different from the previous generation in the rest of the parts; We see the same flat titanium frame with flat glass panels on the back and front of the phone, which are mounted with high precision and form a solid structure with IP68 certification. Unlike the iPhone 16, there has been no change in the painting process of the back panel and the arrangement of the cameras, only the screen cover has been upgraded to the third-generation ceramic shield, which, according to Apple, is twice as strong as the previous generation.
We talked about Camera Control and its not very ergonomic location on the right side of the frame at the beginning of the article. Apart from this new button, the rest of the buttons are the same as the previous generation, the volume control buttons and Side button are in the right place and provide very good feedback, and the Action button, like the previous generation, allows you to personalize it.
Finally, another not-so-variable part is the iPhone 16 Pro display, which uses the same 120 Hz OLED panel with LTPO technology; Of course, this year, due to the 0.2-inch increase in the diameter of the screen, its resolution reaches 2622 x 1206 pixels with a very good density of 460 pixels. As before, the display supports HDR standards including HDR10 and Dolby Vision; Therefore, like a few generations ago, we are either with a 10-bit panel or 8-bit + FRC.
Thanks to the LTPO technology, the iPhone 16 Pro display can change the refresh rate of the display between 1 and 120 Hz depending on the type and movement rate of the content, so that the phone can display smooth and smooth animations, and match the frame rate of games and videos. Do not damage the battery charging.
iPhone 16 Pro display performance against competitors
Product/Test
Minimum brightness
Maximum brightness
contrast ratio
sRGB
DCI P3
Adobe RGB
manual
automatic
local
cover
Average error
cover
Average error
cover
Average error
iPhone 16 Pro
1.35
1044
1950 (HDR)
∞
99.7 percent
0.98
—
—
—
—
iPhone 15 Pro
2.21
1052
1947 (HDR)
∞
99.7 percent
1.0
—
—
—
—
iPhone 15 Pro Max
2.15
1041
1950 (HDR)
∞
99.7 percent
0.9
—
—
—
—
Pixel 9 Pro XL
4
1300
2650
(HDR)
∞
97.2 percent
(Natural)
1.1
81.6 percent
(Adaptive)
3
—
—
Piura 70 Ultra
2.5
740
1500
(HDR)
∞
99.7 percent
(Natural)
1.9
79.7 percent
(Vivid)
5.3
—
—
Galaxy S24 Ultra
0.7
914
2635
(HDR)
∞
102 percent
(Natural)
3.5
81.8 percent
(Vivid)
4.4
—
—
Apple says that the iPhone 16 Pro display, like the previous generation, supports the wide color space of P3, achieves a brightness of 1000 nits in manual mode, and its maximum brightness reaches 2000 nits in automatic mode or during HDR video playback; But the important difference between the iPhone 16 Pro panel and the iPhone 15 Pro comes back to the minimum single-purpose brightness.
Zoomit measurements confirm Apple’s claims about the iPhone’s brightness; We measured the iPhone 16 Pro’s minimum brightness at 1.35 nits, which is significantly lower than the previous generation’s 2.15 nits; But the maximum brightness in manual mode and while displaying HDR videos is no different from the iPhone 15 Pro and is equal to 1044 and 1950 nits, respectively. It goes without saying that the iPhone 16 Pro achieved a brightness of 1296 nits in automatic mode while displaying SDR content (uses other than HDR video playback); But probably exposed to strong ambient light, it can approach the same range of 2000 nits.
iPhone 16 Pro uses stereo speakers, the main channel of which is located at the bottom edge of the frame, and the conversation speaker also plays the role of the second channel. Maybe the volume of the iPhone does not reach the level of competitors such as Pixel 9 Pro or Galaxy S24 Ultra, But the output quality of the speakers is at a higher level; The iPhone’s sound is clearer and its bass is much stronger than its competitors.
Summary and comparison with competitors
If we assume that the government will finally act rationally and start working on the iPhone registry, in this situation, it is not very logical for iPhone 15 Pro and even iPhone 14 Pro users to buy the iPhone 16 Pro with a few 10 million additional costs; Unless the 5x telephoto camera (for iPhone 15 Pro and both 14 Pro models), 15-30% faster chip performance, or Apple Intelligence (for iPhone 14 Pro users) is critical to them.
Users of iPhone 13 Pro or older models have more reasons to buy the iPhone 16 Pro; Better charging, more RAM, a more efficient camera, a brighter screen with Dynamic Island, a faster chip, and perhaps finally artificial intelligence capabilities, can all justify spending money to upgrade from the iPhone 13 Pro to the 16 Pro.
If the ecosystem is not a limiting factor for you, the Galaxy S24 Ultra, even a year after its launch and at a much lower price, offers you more or less the same experience promised by Apple Intelligence with Galaxy AI, and in most cases, in terms of photography and videography, it is on par with the iPhone 16 Pro and even better than It appears.
Naturally, we could not check the competitive advantage of the iPhone 16 Pro; Apple Intelligence is the focus of Apple’s marketing for this phone; But to experience all its capabilities, we have to wait until early 2025; However, a significant part of these features will be available on the iPhone 15 Pro with basically the same experience.
iPhone 16 Pro is a very attractive phone; But at least in the first month of its release, it is not in line with Apple’s philosophy; We know Apple as a company that provides mature and efficient functions and features to the user from the very beginning; But apparently, in the age of artificial intelligence, we have to get used to rudeness and delays; First it was the turn of Google, Microsoft and Samsung; Now Apple.
Geoffrey Hinton, the godfather of artificial intelligence, revolutionized our world by inventing artificial neural networks. Do not miss the story of his ups and downs life.
Biography of Geoffrey Hinton; The godfather of artificial intelligence
Geoffrey Hinton (Geoffrey Hinton), a scientist who has rightly been called the “Godfather of Artificial Intelligence”, created a revolution in the world of technology with his research. Inspired by the human brain, he built artificial neural networks and gave machines the ability to learn, think, and make decisions. These technologies that are everywhere in our lives today, from voice assistants to self-driving cars, are the result of the relentless efforts of Hinton and his colleagues.
Hinton is now recognized as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century, having won the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics. But his story goes beyond awards and honors.
Geoffrey Hinton’s story is a story of perseverance, innovation, and the constant search to discover the unknown. In this article, we will look at the life and achievements of Geoffrey Hinton and we will answer the question of how one person with a simple idea was able to revolutionize the world of technology.
From physical problems to conquering the digital world
Hinton has been working stand-up for almost 18 years. He can’t sit for more than a few minutes due to back disc problems, but even that hasn’t stopped him from doing his activities. “I hate standing and prefer to sit, but if I sit, my lower back bulges out and I feel excruciating pain,” she says.
Since driving or sitting in a bus or subway is very difficult and painful for Hinton, he prefers to walk instead of using a private car or public transportation. The long-term walks of this scientist show that he has not only surrendered to his physical conditions but also to what extent he is eager to conduct scientific research and achieve results.
For about 46 years, Hinton has been trying to teach computers like humans. This idea seemed impossible and hopeless at first, but the passage of time proved otherwise so much so that Google hired Hinton and asked him to make artificial intelligence a reality. “Google, Amazon, and Apple think artificial intelligence is what will make their future,” Hinton said in an interview after being hired by Google.
Heir to genius genes
Hinton was born on December 6, 1947, in England in an educated and famous family with a rich scientific background. Most of his family members were educated in mathematics and economics. His father, Howard Everest Hinton, was a prominent entomologist, and all his siblings had done important scientific research.
Hinton knew from the age of seven that he would one day reach an important position
Some of the world’s leading mathematicians, such as George Boole, the founder of Boolean logic, and Charles Howard Hinton, a mathematician known for his visualization of higher dimensions, were relatives of Hinton. So, from a young age, there was a lot of pressure on Hinton to be the best in education, so much so that the scientist was thinking about getting a doctorate from the age of seven.
Geoffrey Hinton at seven years old
psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence; A powerful combination to create the future
Hinton took a diverse academic path; He began his primary education at Clifton College in Bristol and then went to Cambridge University for further studies. There, Hinton constantly changed his major, vacillating between the natural sciences, art history, and philosophy. Finally, he graduated from Cambridge University in 1970 with a bachelor’s degree in experimental psychology.
Hinton’s interest in understanding the brain and how humans learn led him to study artificial intelligence. Therefore, he went to the University of Edinburgh to continue his studies, where he began research in the field of artificial intelligence under his mentor, Christopher Longuet-Higgins. Finally, in 1978, Hinton achieved his seven-year-old dream and received his doctorate in artificial intelligence. The PhD was a turning point in Hinton’s career and prepared him to enter the complex and fascinating world of artificial intelligence.
Hinton’s diverse education, from psychology to artificial intelligence, gave him a comprehensive and interdisciplinary perspective that greatly contributed to his future research. This perspective enabled him to make a deep connection between the functioning of the human brain and machine learning algorithms.
Hinton decided to enter the field of physiology and study the anatomy of the human brain in his undergraduate course due to his great interest in learning about the workings of the human mind. After that, he entered the field of psychology and finally entered the field of artificial intelligence and completed his studies. His goal in entering the field of artificial intelligence was to simulate the human brain and use it in artificial intelligence.
If you want to learn about the functioning of a complex device like the human brain, you have to build one like it.
– Geoffrey Hinton
Hinton believed that in order to have a deep understanding of a complex device like the brain, one should build a device similar to it. For example, we normally think we are familiar with how cars work, but when building a car we will notice many details that we had no knowledge of before building it.
Only against the crowd, but victorious
While struggling with his ideas and thoughts and their opponents, Hinton met a number of researchers, such as Frank Rosenblatt (Frank Rosenblatt) in the field of artificial intelligence. Rosenblatt was an American scientist who created a revolution in the field of artificial intelligence in the 1950s and 1960s by inventing and expanding the perceptron model.
The perceptron model, one of the first machine learning models, is recognized as the main inspiration for the development of today’s artificial neural networks. Perceptron is a simple algorithm used to classify data. This model is inspired by the way brain neurons work. A perceptron is a mathematical model for an artificial neuron that receives various inputs, processes them using a weighted function, and decides on the output.
Hinton and Rosenblatt side by side
Rosenblatt’s hope was that one could feed a neural network a set of data, such as photographs of men and women, and the neural network, like humans, could learn how to separate the photographs; But there was one problem: the perceptron model didn’t work very well. Rosenblatt’s neural network was a single layer of neurons and was too limited to perform the assigned task of image separation.
Even when no one believed in artificial intelligence, Hinton didn’t lose hope
In the late 1960s, Rosenblatt’s colleague wrote a book about the limitations of Rosenblatt’s neural network. After that, for about ten years, research in the field of neural networks and artificial intelligence almost stopped. No one wanted to work in this field, because they were sure that no clear results would be obtained. Of course, nobody might not be the right word, and it is better to say almost nobody; Because the topic of artificial intelligence and neural network was completely different for Hinton.
Hinton believed that there must be a way to simulate the human brain and make a device similar to it. He had no doubt about it. Why did Hinton want to pursue a path that few would follow and almost no one saw a happy ending for? Thinking that everyone makes mistakes, this eminent scientist continued on his way and did not give up.
From America to Canada; A journey that changed the course of artificial intelligence
Hinton went to different research institutes in America during his research. At that time, the US Department of Defense funded many US research institutions, so most of the projects carried out or underway focused on military objectives. Hinton was not interested in working in the military field and was looking for pure scientific research and the development of technology for human and general applications. As a result, he was looking for a place where he could continue his research away from the pressures of the military and the limitations of dependent funds.
I did not want my research to be funded by military organizations, because the results obtained would certainly not be used for human benefit.
– Geoffrey Hinton
After searching for a suitable place to continue research, Canada seemed to be the most suitable option. Finally, Hinton moved to Canada in 1987 and began his research at the University of Toronto. In the same years, Hinton and his colleagues were able to solve problems that simpler neural networks could not solve by building more complex neural networks.
Hinton and his colleagues developed multilayer neural networks instead of building and expanding single-layer neural networks. These neural networks worked well and drew a null line on all disappointments and failures. In the late 80s, a person named Dean Pomerleau built a self-driving car using a neural network and drove it on different roads.
In the 1990s, Yann LeCun, one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence and deep learning, developed a system called “Convolutional Neural Networks” (CNNs). These networks became the basis for many modern techniques in machine vision and pattern recognition. One of the first important applications of these networks was to build a system that could recognize handwritten digits; But once again, after the construction of this system, researchers in the field of artificial intelligence reached a dead end.
In the 1990s, an interesting neural network was built, but it stalled due to insufficient data.
The neural networks built at that time did not work well due to the lack of sufficient data and the lack of necessary computing power. As a result, educated people in the fields of computer science and artificial intelligence once again concluded that neural networks and their construction were nothing more than a fantasy. In 1998, after 11 years at the University of Toronto, Geoffrey Hinton left Toronto to found and manage the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit at University College London. During his research at this center, he studied neural networks and their applications.
AlexNet: A Milestone in the History of Artificial Intelligence
From the 1990s to 2000, Hinton was the only hopeful person on the planet who still believed in the development of neural networks and artificial intelligence. Hinton attended many conferences to achieve his goal but was usually met with indifference by the attendees and treated like an outcast. You might think to yourself that Hinton never gave up and moved on with hope, but that’s not the case. He was also sometimes disappointed and doubted reaching the desired result; But by overcoming despair, he continued his way no matter how difficult it was; Because this sentence kept repeating in Hinton’s mind: “Computers can learn.”
Watch: The story of the birth of artificial intelligence, the exciting technology that shook the world
Study ‘1
After returning to the University of Toronto in 2001, Hinton continued his work on neural network models and, together with his research group in the 2000s, developed deep learning technology and applied it to practical applications. In 2006, the world caught on to Hinton’s ideas and did not see them far away.
In 2012, Hinton, along with two of his PhD students, Alen Krizhevsly and Ilya Sotskever (the co-founder of OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT), developed an eight-layer neural network program called AlexNet. The purpose of developing this program was to identify images in ImageNet, a large online database of images. AlexNet’s performance was stellar, outperforming the most accurate program up to that point by about 40 percent. The image below shows the architecture of Alexnet convolutional neural network.
Viso
In the image above, C1 to C5 are convolutional layers that extract image features. Each layer has convolutional filters of different sizes that are applied to the image or output of the previous layer to detect different features. Also, the number of channels in each layer (96, 256 and 384) shows the number of filters used in that layer.
After feature extraction, the image is sent to fully connected layers (FC6 to FC8). Each circle in these layers represents a neuron that is connected to the neurons of the previous layer.
FC8 is the final output layer and consists of 1000 neurons. Due to the high number of layers and the ability to learn complex image features, the AlexNet architecture was very accurate in image recognition and paved the way for further improvements in the field of neural networks.
After developing AlexNet, Hinton and two of his students founded a company called DDNresearch, which was acquired by Google for $44 million in 2013. That same year, Hinton joined Google’s artificial intelligence research team, Google Brain, and was later appointed one of its vice presidents and chief engineers.
Businesstoday
From Backpropagation Algorithms to Capsule Networks: Hinton’s Continuous Innovations
Hinton has written or co-authored more than 200 scientific papers on the use of neural networks for machine learning, memory, perception, and symbol processing. While doing a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, San Diego, Hinton worked with David A. Rumelhart (David E. Rumelhart) and R. Wenald J. Williams (Ronald J. Williams) to implement a backpropagation algorithm on multilayer neural networks.
Hinton stated in an interview in 2018 that the main idea of this algorithm was from Rumelhart, But Hinton and his colleagues were not the first to propose the backpropagation algorithm. In 1970, Seppo Linnainmaa proposed a method called inverse automatic derivation, which the backpropagation algorithm is a special type of this method.
Hinton and his colleagues took a big step in their research after publishing their paper on the error backpropagation algorithm in 1986. This article is one of Hinton’s most cited articles with 55,020 citations.
Google Scholar
In October and November 2017, Hinton published two open-access papers on capsule neural networks, which he says work well.
At the 2022 Neural Information Processing Conference, Hinton introduced a new learning algorithm called forward-forward algorithm for neural networks. The main idea of this algorithm is to use two forward steps instead of forward and backward steps in the error backpropagation method; One with positive (real) data and the other with negative data that only the network produces.
When the creator questions his creation
Finally, in May 2023, after about 10 years of working with Google, Hinton resigned from his job at the company because he wanted to speak freely about the dangers of the commercial use of artificial intelligence. Hinton was concerned about the power of artificial intelligence to generate fake content and its impact on the job market. Next, we read a part of Hinton’s words in an interview in 2023:
I think we’ve entered an era where, for the first time, we have things that are more talented than us. Artificial intelligence understands and has talent. This advanced system has its own experiences and can make decisions based on those experiences. Currently, artificial intelligence does not have self-awareness, but over time, it will acquire this feature. There will even come a time when humans are the second most talented creatures on earth. Artificial intelligence came to fruition after many disappointments and failures.
– Geoffrey Hinton
The supervisor of the doctoral course asked me to work on another subject and not to jeopardize my future work, but I preferred to learn about the functioning of the human brain and mind and simulate it, even if I fail. It took longer than I expected, about 50 years, to achieve the result.
At one point, the reporter asks Hinton at what point did you come to the conclusion that your idea about neural networks is right and everyone else is wrong? “I’ve always thought I was right, and I’m right,” Hinton replies with a pause and a smile.
With the advent of ultra-high-speed chips and the vast amount of data generated on the Internet, Hinton’s algorithms have reached magical power. Little by little, computers were able to recognize the content of photos, even later they were able to easily recognize sound and translate from one language to another. In 2012, words like neural networks and machine learning became the main words on the front page of the New York Times.
From Turing to Nobel: The Unparalleled Honors of the Godfather of Artificial Intelligence
As one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, Geoffrey Hinton has been recognized many times for his outstanding achievements. He has received numerous awards including the David E. Rommelhart of the Cognitive Science Society and Canada’s Gerhard Hertzberg Gold Medal, which is Canada’s highest science and engineering honor.
One of Hinton’s most notable honors was winning the Turing Award with his colleagues in 2018. This is a prestigious award in the field of computing, so it is referred to as the Nobel of Computing. This award was given in recognition of Hinton’s continuous efforts in the development of neural networks. In 2022, another honor was added to Hinton’s honors, when he received the Royal Society Medal for his pioneering work in deep learning.
2024 was a historic year for Geoffrey Hinton. He and John Hopfield won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their amazing achievements in the field of machine learning and artificial neural networks. The Nobel Committee awarded this valuable prize to these two scientists for their fundamental discoveries and inventions that made machine learning with artificial neural networks possible. When awarding the prize, the development of the “Boltzmann machine” was specifically mentioned.
When a New York Times reporter asked Hinton to explain in simple terms the importance of the Boltzmann machine and its role in pretraining post-propagation networks, Hinton jokingly referred to a quote from Richard Feynman :
Look, my friend, if I could explain this in a few minutes, it wouldn’t be worth a Nobel Prize.
– Richard Feynman
This humorous response shows that this technology is very complex and its full understanding requires extensive knowledge and study. Boltzmann machine is one of the first neural network models (1985), which as a statistical model helps the network to automatically find patterns in data.
Geoffrey Hinton is a man who turned the dream of machine intelligence into a reality by standing against the currents. From back pain to receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics, his life path was always full of ups and downs. With steely determination and perseverance, Hinton not only became one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century but also changed the world of technology forever with the invention of artificial neural networks. His life story is an inspiration to all who pursue their dreams, even when the whole world is against them.
Elon Musk brought the idea of smart public transportation one step closer to reality by unveiling Cybercubes and Robovans.
Everything about Cybercube and Robo Van; Elon Musk’s robotic taxis
After years of passionate but unfulfilled promises, finally on October 11, 2024 (October 20, 1403) at the WE, Robots event, Elon Musk unveiled Tesla’s robotic taxis.
Appearing on stage an hour late, Musk showed off the Cybercube self-driving taxi: a silver two-seater that moves without a steering wheel or pedals.
The CEO of Tesla further announced the presence of 21 Cybercubes and a total of 50 self-driving cars at the Warner Bros. studio (California), where Tesla hosted the event with special guests only.
Tesla
“We’re going to have a very glorious future ahead of us,” Musk said, but gave no indication of where the new cars will be built. According to him, Tesla hopes to offer Cybercubes to consumers at a price of less than 30,000 dollars before 2027.
The company will reportedly begin testing “unsupervised FSD” with Model 3 and Model Y electric vehicles in Texas and California next year.
Currently, the company’s self-driving cars operate with supervised FSD, meaning they require human support to take control of the steering wheel or brakes at any time. Tesla needs to get several permits from the regulators of different US states (or other countries) to offer cars without steering wheel and pedals.
But Cybercube was not the only product that was unveiled at this ceremony. Alongside the line-up of Optimus robots likely to launch as consumer work assistants in the coming months, the unveiling of an autonomous robotic van that can carry up to 20 passengers or be used to carry goods also generated more excitement among the audience.
According to Musk, Robovans and Cybercubes use inductive charging and do not need a physical power connection for recharging. He also stated that “robovans” would solve the problem of high density and pointed to the transportation of sports teams, for example.
The CEO of Tesla has been drawing the dream vision of the company’s self-driving public transportation fleet for the shareholders for years and sees the company’s future in self-driving vehicles.
It is not bad to remind you that the WE, Robots event was the first product introduction event after the introduction of Cybertrack in 2019; The product, which entered the market in late 2023, has since been recalled 5 times in the United States due to various problems.
The event ended with Elon Musk’s “Let’s party” and a video of Optimus robots dancing, while Tesla’s CEO invited guests to take a test drive with the on-site self-driving cars inside the closed-off film studios.
However, experts and analysts of the self-driving car industry believe that the release of cybercabs will take longer than the announced schedule because ensuring the safety of these cars in scenarios such as bad weather, complex road intersections and unpredictable behavior of pedestrians will require many permits and tests.
Tesla shareholders still balk at Musk’s vague timetable for the production and delivery of new cars, as he has a poor track record of promising robotic taxis. But we cannot deny that this unveiling breathed new life into the world of self-driving technologies.
But where did the idea of robotic taxis, which Tesla CEO claims are 10 to 20 times safer than human-driven cars and reduce the cost of public transportation, start?
Tesla
In 2019, during a meeting on the development of Tesla’s self-driving cars, Elon Musk suddenly made a strange prediction: “By the end of next year, we will have more than a million robot taxis on the road.”
Tesla’s investors were not unfamiliar with the concept of fully autonomous driverless cars, and what surprised them was the timing and short window of time of the plans that Musk was announcing. His prediction did not come true until the end of 2020, but has been postponed many times; But in recent months, with the decrease in Tesla’s interest rate, Elon Musk has tried in various ways to divert Wall Street’s attention from the company’s main activity and draw it to a new point. At every opportunity, he explains that the company’s future lies not in the production of electric cars, but in the very exciting world of artificial intelligence and humanoid robots.
According to him, one of the most profitable businesses in the field of AI will be driverless taxis or robotaxis that work almost anywhere and in any condition. Musk believes that Tesla’s market value will reach several trillion dollars after the release of these cars, although with this, Tesla will enter a highly competitive market.
Tesla’s technology will face fierce competition from Alphabet’s Waymo, Amazon’s self-driving unit Zoox, and General Motors’ Cruise. Also, ride-sharing companies such as Uber and Lyft and Chinese companies such as Baidu and BYD are considered serious competitors of Tesla.
Can robotaxis really save Tesla from declining profitability? How close is the company really to the production of driverless and fully autonomous car technology, and what guarantee is there for the success of Elon Musk’s plans to form a vast network of robotic taxis?
The start of the internal project of Tesla’s self-driving taxis
Business Insider
Although Elon Musk has implicitly raised the idea of robotaxis since 2016; the design and development operations of these cars took on a more serious color from 2022. At this time, during Tesla’s first-quarter earnings call, Musk once again announced that the company is building robotic taxis that do not have any steering wheel, pedals, or any other controller for physical human driving.
He also said that these cars will be fully self-driving and will be available to the public by 2024, when Tesla completes its self-driving car project. Sometime later, at the opening ceremony of the Gigafactory in Austin, he mentioned that the robotaxis would have a futuristic design and probably look more like a Cybertruck than a Tesla Model S.
Tesla’s robotic taxis have no steering wheel, pedals, or any other controls for physical human driving
During the same meeting, a Tesla investor asked Musk if the robot taxis would be offered to utilities or sold directly to consumers. Musk did not answer this question but continued to emphasize that robot taxis minimize the cost of a car per kilometer of distance, and the cost of traveling with these cars will be lower than a bus or subway ticket.
Sometime before Musk’s statement, Tesla announced that it is producing fully autonomous and self-driving vehicles at a cost of $25,000, which can have a steering wheel or not. For this reason, no one knows yet whether Musk’s robotaxis project refers to these cars or not.
According to the announced timeline, Tesla had 32 months to complete the construction, legal permits, and software required for the robot taxis and align with acceptable standards for “level 5 autonomy.”
At the beginning of 2024, the subject of robotic taxis made the news again. Elon Musk, who seemed fed up with Tesla’s usual car business, emphasized that Tesla’s future does not depend on selling more electric cars, but mainly on artificial intelligence and robotics.
Unlike Uber, which is Tesla’s main competitor in this project, Musk does not want to rely on Model 3 sedans and SUVs like the Model Y for the development of robot taxis. According to Tesla’s statement, the company is generally working on the production of new dedicated vehicles, which will probably be called Cybercab.
The supply of robotaxis depended on the completion of Tesla’s autopilot technologies and the so-called full self-driving systems, and exact statistics of how much consumers will accept this innovative product and what new rules will be imposed in this field were not announced.
Car design
Teslaoracle
In terms of design, the interior of the car was expected to have differences from other Tesla electric cars to meet the demands of passengers; For example, two rows of seats facing each other, or doors that open in a sliding manner and facilitate boarding of passengers. Also, a car that is used as a taxi should have provisions for simple and quick cleaning of the interior and even disinfection.
The idea of robotaxis also received interesting design proposals from enthusiasts: some said it would be better for Tesla to optimize its public self-driving cars depending on different uses; For example, some of them have a place to rest for long distances, or others come with a monitor and several accessories that are suitable for working along the way.
Supporters said that these facilities improve people’s quality of life and even if a passenger devotes his travel time to something useful, he has saved the same amount of time.
Continuing speculation about the design of the Cybercube, a group of experts in the field of car research also said that in the coming years, Tesla could produce other vehicles that are suitable for special entertainment, such as watching movies, or other amenities for users who want to hang out with friends and fellow travelers along the way. To socialize yourself, have: just like sitting in a limousine.
The design of the Cybercube is similar to the Cybertruck van, but with doors that open from the top
But the initial design of the Cybercube, which was published on the Tesla website, was somewhat reminiscent of the Cybertruck, and there was no special feature even to make it easier for people with disabilities to ride.
Forbes also wrote in its latest report comparing self-driving cars of different companies that Tesla’s robot taxi will probably be a two-seater car with side-by-side seats and a retractable steering wheel because eventually, users will need a steering wheel to drive outside the areas that have the company’s support services. had
However the final design of the Tesla Cybercube was not similar to the self-driving cars of the startup Zoox or Zeekr.
With doors that open up like butterfly wings and a small interior, this car only hosts two passengers. As we might have guessed, the Cybercube looks a lot like the Cybertruck, but it’s sleeker and more eye-catching than the controversial Tesla pickup.
Hardware
Sugar-Design
So far, Tesla has not disclosed any information about the set of sensors that will be used in the robotaxis. The company talks about Autopilot technologies on its website, but what Elon Musk has so far described as a fully self-driving, driverless car will require more advanced sensors, software and equipment than Autopilot.
Tesla Autopilot cars are equipped with multiple layers of cameras and powerful “machine vision” processing, and instead of radar, they use special “Tesla Vision” technology that provides a comprehensive view of the surrounding environment.
In the next step, Tesla Autopilot processes the data from these cameras using neural networks and advanced algorithms, then detects and groups objects and obstacles and determines their distance and relative position.
Tesla’s Autopilot system is equipped with multiple layers of cameras and powerful “machine vision” processing and uses “Tesla Vision” instead of radar.
Car driving functions also include two important eras: 1. adaptive cruise control with traffic detection that changes the car’s speed depending on the surrounding traffic; 2. The Autosteer steering system makes the car move on a certain line with the help of cruise control and continues the right path, especially when it encounters a curve in the road.
These cars can park automatically, recognize stop signs and other road signs as well as traffic lights, and slow down if necessary. Blind spot monitoring, automatic switching between road lanes, and intelligent summoning of the car by mobile application are some other features of these cars.
Despite all security measures, all Tesla Autopilot cars still require driver supervision according to national laws and the company’s own announcement. For this reason, until this company provides new specifications and information about the sensors, cameras, and systems of the robot taxis, no expert can check their efficiency or risk.
Introducing the Robotaxis application
Tesla
In April 2024, Tesla released a brief report on the mobile application of robotaxis, and Elon Musk also said that the first of these cars would be unveiled in August (this date was later postponed).
In the initial images of the robotic taxis application, a button to call or summon a taxi and a little lower, the message of waiting time for the car’s arrival could be seen. The second image showed a 3D map and a small virtual vehicle following a path toward a waiting passenger. These images were very similar to the Uber app, except that it looked like a Tesla Model Y car was driving in it.
According to Tesla, passengers can adjust the temperature of the car as they wish when they are waiting for the taxi to arrive. Of course, other details such as the waiting time and the maximum passenger capacity of the car were also seen in the images of the application.
Passengers can adjust the temperature inside the car and their favorite music through the Tesla application
According to the published screenshots, in the next step when the vehicle reaches the origin and the passenger boards, the map view changes to the destination. Passengers can control the car’s music through the mobile application.
The app looks like a standard online ride-hailing app, but there’s no mention of the robotic nature of the car, which does all the driving automatically and autonomously. Elon Musk said in the same meeting:
You can think of Tesla’s robotaxis as a combination of Uber and Airbnb.
According to Musk, part of the fleet of robotic cars will belong to Tesla and the other part will belong to consumers. The owners of this group of robotic cars can give their cars to the taxi fleet whenever they want and earn money in this way.
Legal restrictions on removing the steering wheel and pedals
independent
Despite all his previous promises, Tesla’s CEO has been evasive in past interviews when asked if the robotaxis will have traditional controls like pedals and steering wheels. Tesla’s Robotaxi plans have been heavily questioned due to delays in early prototype development, making the answer to the above question more important than ever.
The reality is that by mid-2024, in theory, it could take months or even years to approve a vehicle without pedals and a steering wheel for public roads, while a more traditional-looking vehicle could come much sooner.
In a letter addressed to its shareholders, Tesla emphasized that it would need the permission of the federal government to deploy and operate robotaxis with a more radical and progressive design. The statement also stated:
Scheduling robotaxis requires technological advances and regulatory approvals, but considering their very high potential value, we intend to make the most of this opportunity and are working hard on the project.
Elon Musk also did not respond to a question about exactly what type of regulatory approval Tesla is seeking.
He was then asked by reporters if Tesla was seeking an exemption from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) to develop and market a car without traditional controls. In response, Musk compared Tesla’s new product to Waymo’s local self-driving cars and said that products that are developed for local transportation are very vulnerable and weak. He added:
The car we produce is a universal product that works anywhere. Our robotaxis work well on any terrain.
Currently, car manufacturers must comply with federal motor vehicle safety standards that require human controls such as steering wheels, pedals, side mirrors, and the like. These standards specify how vehicles must be designed before they can be sold in the United States, and if a manufacturer’s new product does not meet these requirements, manufacturers can apply for an exemption; But the US government has set a limit of 2,500 cars per company per year.
The regulatory exemption cap would theoretically prevent the mass deployment of purpose-built self-driving vehicles from any AV company, including Tesla. To date, self-driving car advocates have tried hard to pass legislation to cap the number of driverless cars on public roads; But the bill is apparently stalled in Congress due to questions about the technology’s “level of reliability” and readiness.
Tesla will need an FMVSS exemption if it wants to remove the steering wheel and pedals from its self-driving cars
So far, only Nuro has managed to obtain an FMVSS exemption, allowing it to operate a limited number of driverless delivery robots in the states of Texas and California.
For example, General Motors’ Cruise unit applied for a waiver for Origin’s steering-less and pedal-less shuttle, but it was never approved, and the Origin program was put on hold indefinitely.
Startup Zoox (a subsidiary of Amazon) also announced that its self-driving shuttles are “self-certified”, prompting the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to launch new research to understand this newly invented concept. Issues such as strict legal processes and approval of the license caused other companies in this field to completely ignore the issue of removing the steering wheel and pedals. For example, Waymo’s self-driving cars, although operating on public roads without a safety driver, have traditional controls. Some time ago, the company also announced that it would finally introduce a new driverless car, but did not specify an exact date for it, nor did it mention FMVSS exemptions.
Thus, now that it has been determined that the final Cybercube car will be produced without traditional controls, Tesla must also pass similar regulatory hurdles.
The challenges of mass production of Tesla robotaxis
Sugar-Design
Apart from persuading the regulators and getting a city traffic permit, there have been many other challenges standing in the way of the success of the robotaxis project, some of which Tesla has passed and has not found an answer for others.
For example, Tesla claims that it has reached a reliable milestone in terms of technologies and hardware infrastructure, but incidents such as the crash of Uber’s self-driving car in 2018, which killed a pedestrian, or two severe crashes of cruise cars in 2023, have a negative public view. It followed people into driverless cars.
On the other hand, the current infrastructure of most American cities is designed for conventional cars and must be updated and developed again to support the multitude of robotic taxis . For example, installing smart traffic lights that can communicate with self-driving cars and provide them with real-time information is one of the basic needs of robot taxis. Also, the presence of clear road lines and legible traffic signs is very important for self-driving car sensors.
The mass production of robotaxis requires changing the road infrastructure
Contrary to Musk’s claim that “the roads are ready for permanent robot taxis,” self-driving cars from other companies are still plying urban and intercity roads in certain parts of the United States. Until July 2024, Tesla had about 2.2 million cars on American roads, which is far from Elon Musk’s target of a fleet of 7 million cars.
In the second stage, Tesla’s self-driving cars are equipped with advanced technologies such as a variety of cameras and sensors and data processing systems, which, apart from the cost of production, also increase the cost of maintaining equipment and keeping software up-to-date.
In the past year alone, some Tesla customers have been forced to pay an extra $12,000 to upgrade their cars’ self-driving capabilities, while there’s still no news of new features.
If we consider the average price of robotaxis between 150,000 and 175,000 dollars, it is not clear how long Elon Musk’s promise to potential buyers about the revenue-generating potential of these cars will take. Unfortunately, Musk’s prediction regarding the annual gross profit of 30,000 dollars for the owners who give their cars to other passengers does not have statistical and computational support.
Developing new insurance models for self-driving cars will be one of Tesla’s serious challenges
The development of suitable insurance models for self-driving cars will also be one of Tesla’s serious challenges, because insurance companies must be able to correctly assess the risks and possible costs of robotaxis; Therefore, Tesla must cooperate with insurance companies from different angles to reach a comprehensive plan that both customers and companies are satisfied with.
In addition to paying attention to technological and legal issues, Tesla must gain people’s trust in its new series of fully automatic and driverless cars, and for this purpose, it will be necessary to hold advertising campaigns and extensive training programs to familiarize consumers with the company’s technologies and reduce the concerns of end users. was
The status of the project in 2024 and the concern of shareholders
Tesla
In 2024, Elon Musk postponed the unveiling date of robotaxis to August 8 and then to October 10. In April, he told Tesla’s investors, who were frustrated by the uncertain progress of production of the cars.
All the cars that Tesla produces have all the necessary hardware and computing for fully autonomous driving. I’ll say it again: all Tesla cars currently in production have all the prerequisites for autonomous driving. All you have to do is improve the software.
He also said that it doesn’t matter if these cars are less safe than new cars, because Tesla is improving the average level of road safety. A few weeks later, he released another video in which he summarized meeting Tesla’s goals in three steps:
Completing the technological features and capabilities of fully autonomous vehicles
Improving car technology to the point where people can ride driverless cars without any worries
Convincing the regulators that the previous option is true!
While other companies producing self-driving cars go from city to city to obtain the necessary permits and try to expand the range of activities of cars by proving the safety of their products, NBC recently revealed in its report that Tesla even the states of California and Nevada, which employ the most employees. has not received a license to test these cars.
Tesla has not yet received permission to test robotaxis in the US states
In July, Musk told investors that anyone who does not believe in the efficiency and value of robotaxis should not be a Tesla investor. Meanwhile, the California Department of Motor Vehicles recently filed a lawsuit against Tesla, accusing the company of falsely advertising Autopilot and fully automated systems.
In addition to specifying the monthly cost and upfront payments for fully autonomous cars, the case also addresses the issue that both types of systems require drivers to be behind the wheel and control the vehicle’s steering and braking.
The unveiling of the Cybercubes in October 2024 seemed to ease the mind of Tesla shareholders somewhat, but during the night of the company’s big event, some of them expressed their concern about Musk’s uncertain timings to the media.
What do experts and critics say?
Some critics say that it is not possible for Elon Musk’s robot taxi to be produced and released according to his schedule. Referring to Waymo vehicles that make 50,000 road trips every week, this group considers Tesla’s silence regarding the request for technical information of the vehicles unacceptable. From their point of view, Musk is just continuing to make vague promises about this car.
In response to critics, Elon Musk emphasizes one sentence: that Tesla is basically an artificial intelligence and robotics company, not a traditional automobile company. So why doesn’t he try to clarify the obstacles that stand in the way of Tesla’s actions to realize the old idea?
On the other hand, the technology academies remind that Tesla’s systems have not reached level 5 autonomy, that is, conditions that do not require any human control. The MIT Technology Review writes:
After years of research and testing of robotic taxis by various companies on the road, mass production of these cars still has heavy risks. To date, these vehicles only travel within precise, pre-defined geographic boundaries, and although some do not have a human operator in the front seat, they still require remote operators to take over in an emergency.
R. Amanarayan Vasudevan , associate professor of robotics and mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan, also says:
These systems still rely on remote human supervision for safe operation, which is why we call them automated rather than autonomous; But this version of self-driving is much more expensive than traditional taxis.
Tesla is burning direct investor money to produce robotaxis, and it is natural that more pressure will be placed on the company to get more reliable results. The balance between costs and potential revenues will come when more robotaxis hit the roads and can truly compete with ride-sharing services like Uber.
Despite numerous legal, infrastructural and social challenges, the unveiling ceremony of Cybercube and RoboVon puts not only the technology levels of self-driving cars but the entire transportation industry on the threshold of a huge transformation. The entry of Tesla’s robotic taxis into the market can even affect the traditional taxi service model, but how long will it take for the transition from this unveiling to the actual launch
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