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How did reading and writing skills evolve in humans?

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How did reading and writing skills evolve in humans?
How did reading and writing skills evolve in humans? Derek Hodgson has proposed a new idea about the evolution of the use of signs and the use of written and spoken language in early human societies.

How did reading and writing skills evolve in humans?

In this article we’re going to answer this question that how did reading and writing skills evolve in humans? The part of the brain called the visual cortex, which is responsible for processing visual information, evolved over millions of years in a world where there was no reading or writing. So how language skills emerged around 5,000 years ago and how our brains suddenly acquired the special ability to understand letters has long been a mystery. Some researchers believe that the key to understanding this transition is determining how and why humans first began to develop repetitive markings. Imaging the visual cortex of people reading a text has provided important insight into how the brain perceives simple patterns.
How did reading and writing skills evolve in humans?
Derek Hodgson, in a new article published in the Journal of Archaeological Science Reports, has argued that the earliest patterns of human construction were aesthetic rather than symbolic, and explains what this means for the evolution of reading and writing. Archaeologists have discovered a large number of ancient patterns carved by early humans as well as Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. These signs were created thousands of years before the appearance of the first performing arts (drawing things that represent something).
How did reading and writing skills evolve in humans?Early markings: Top, left to right: Trinil shell (Drandonzea), two from Blombos Cave carvings in Africa, Middle: South Africa on ostrich eggshell, Bottom: Gibraltar by Neanderthals on stone surface
Such works have been discovered in South Africa with engravings that are about a hundred thousand years old. Archaeologists have found seashells carved by upright humans dating back 540,000 years. One of the curious observations of these early signs is that they all use grid-like signs, angles, and repeating lines.
Derek Hodgson proposed in 2001 that the way information is processed by the primary visual cortex in the brain has given rise to the ability to engrave simple patterns. This region of the brain contains neurons coding for shapes such as edges, lines, and T-junctions. As summarized shapes, these shapes preferentially activate the visual cortex. It is easy to understand how this happens. Lines, angles, and intersections are the most abundant symbols embedded in the natural environment. They are the first important clues to the layout of objects. Our brain’s ability to process them is shared by other primates, but the human brain is also able to effectively respond to these cues using Gestalt principles. Gestalt principles are rules that enable the mind to automatically perceive patterns in a stimulus. When these basic shapes are created, the higher-order visual areas of the brain process these shapes, and the brain can visualize them as real objects.
How did reading and writing skills evolve in humans?
Around 700,000 years ago, this sensitivity to geometry and understanding of patterns enabled humans to begin making tools that had a certain symmetry. This work was probably not possible without having some kind of understanding of geometry. Making tools made us more sensitive and inclined towards patterns in the natural environment, so our ancestors implemented these patterns in materials other than real tools. For example, they randomly started making marks on rocks, shells, and materials like other soil.
At some point in time, these unintentional patterns were intentionally copied onto such materials and developed into designs and then into writing. But how was this possible? Research conducted in the field of neuroscience has shown that the premotor cortex of the brain, which guides manual skills, plays a role in the process of writing a text.
According to this theory, reading and writing evolved when our passive understanding interacted with our manual skills to understand things.
How did reading and writing skills evolve in humans?
Blombos cave carving in South Africa, about 77 thousand years old
Abstract and written patterns also activate the brain’s mirror neurons. These brain cells are interesting because they are fired both when we act and when we see others act, helping us to perceive what others are doing as if we were doing it ourselves. These neurons play a role in imitating the actions of others. But these neurons are also activated when we see patterns and written texts. This creates a sense of recognition about a pattern (random or natural) in a way that motivates us to copy it, and these signs may have been the first steps toward reading and writing.
Ultimately, these developments enabled the brain to use the visual cortex for an entirely new purpose. This process may have finally caused an area related to the visual understanding of words to emerge in the brain and was able to gradually communicate with the areas related to speaking.
Hodgson also notes that some scholars believe that early signs were symbolic (rather than aesthetic) and that writing evolved from encoding information in them. However, in his opinion, such a thing is unlikely. The initial symptoms have been similar for a long time. If these signs were symbolic, we might expect them to vary widely over time and space, just as we see in modern writing systems, but this is not the case.
According to Hodgson, all these evidence point to the possibility that the first signs were signs related to aesthetics, which resulted from the prioritization of the visual cortex for primitive forms, and this could be in the period of upright humans, from about 1.8 million to 500 thousand years ago. has started

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How to install Windows 11 without a Microsoft account?

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Windows 11
In this tutorial, you will learn how to start Windows 11 without the Internet and without the need to enter an email.

How to install Windows 11 without a Microsoft account?

Based on Microsoft’s decision and unlike how to install Windows 10, users must enter their Microsoft email or any other account to connect their Windows user account with that person’s email for the initial setup of Windows 11; Otherwise, users will not be able to complete the Windows 11 installation process.

This means that the user must be connected to the Internet to start Windows 11, and it is not possible to create a local account. This incident resulted in the protest of many users; Because in many cases, due to the lack of necessary drivers, users could not connect to the Internet in the Windows setup interface or Out of box experience, or they did not want to enter their email at all.

However, it is not impossible to install Windows 11 without the internet. According to its usual habit, Microsoft is not strict in the field of many of its decisions and policies, and like its own solution to avoid the lack of a TPM 1.2 chip for installing Windows 11 or existing solutions for installing Windows 11 on incompatible systems, with a few simple moves, you can force the connection to the Internet and Bypasses email log in at Windows startup.

If you are one of those people who are stuck on the Internet connection or email login screen when starting Windows, with the help of this tutorial, you can easily solve your problem and complete the steps to install Windows 11 without a Microsoft account.

Windows 11 setup without internet

There are 4 ways to boot Windows 11 without the internet that still work and are very easy to do.

Bypassing the Internet connection with Bypass code

If the Windows 11 setup steps are stuck on the Let’s connect you to a network screen due to the lack of Internet connection, the Next button will be grayed out until a stable connection is established, and you will not be able to proceed to the next steps.

Launching Windows 11 without internet

Not only in this situation but also if you need to enter the username and password through the portal to enter the network, you cannot do anything and you have to bypass this step. In this situation, follow the steps below:

  • In the mentioned screen, press the Shift+F10 keys to open the command prompt window.
    • Enter OOBE\BYPASSNRO and press enter.
Launching Windows 11 without internet
  • Next, your device will restart. Go through the setup process again until you reach the Let’s connect you to a Network page. Now, on this page, you will see that the I don’t have internet option has been added next to the Next option. Click on it.
Launching Windows 11 without internet
  • On the next page, click Continue with limited setup.
Launching Windows 11 without internet
  • After that, the page for creating a local account will be in front of you, and by entering the desired name and the password on the next page, the local account will be created and the Windows 11 setup process will be completed. If you leave the password box blank, the account will be created without a password.
Setup Windows 11 with local account

End the connection process with the Task Manager

On the same Let’s connect you to a network page, you can delete the running process that forces you to connect to the Internet and enter the Microsoft account by running the task manager.

  • Open the command line window by pressing the Shift + F10 buttons and type taskmgr and press enter to open the task manager.
Open Task Manager when installing Windows 11
  • You can also open the task manager window by pressing Ctrl + Shift + Esc.
  • After opening the task manager, look for Network Connection Flow in the Processes section. You can also use the search section to find it.
Open Task Manager when installing Windows 11
  • Then select Network Connection Flow and click on the End task option. After that, close the task manager window and type the word exit to exit the command line window and press enter.
  • Now you will be faced with loading animations and you will go directly to the local account creation section. Enter your desired name and continue the Windows setup process.

Remove the Internet connection with the command line

If you are unable to kill the internet connection process through the task manager, you can do it through the command line.

  • On the Let’s Connect you to a network page, press Shift + F10 to open the command line.
  • In the window that opens, enter the following code and press enter.
taskkill /F /IM oobenetworkconnectionflow.exe
Internet disconnection code
  • After the command is executed, close the command line window and continue the Windows 11 setup process.

Skip the Internet connection page with Alt + F4 buttons

Such a method may not work for all users, but if you cannot bypass the forced Internet connection and enter the Microsoft account with any of the above methods, on the Let’s Connect you to a network page, press the Alt + F4 combination buttons to force the Internet connection window.

Read more: The best-hidden features for Windows 11

If nothing happens after pressing the mentioned buttons once, try pressing the buttons several times in a row. Alt + F4 keys in the Windows environment can also be used to close running programs or open the shutdown menu.

The above methods work in all versions of Windows 11. If you encounter any problem in performing any of the steps, share with us in the comments section.

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Unveiling of OpenAI new artificial intelligence capabilities

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OpenAI

OpenAI claims that its free GPT-4o model can talk, laugh, sing, and see like a human. The company is also releasing a desktop version of ChatGPT’s large language model.

 Unveiling of OpenAI new artificial intelligence capabilities

Yesterday, OpenAI introduced the GPT-4o artificial intelligence model, which is a completely new model of the company’s artificial intelligence, which according to OpenAI is a step closer to a much more natural human-computer interaction.
This new model accepts any combination of text, audio, and image as input and can produce output in all three formats. It can also detect emotions, allow the user to interrupt it mid-speech, and respond almost as quickly as a human during a conversation.
In the live broadcast of the introduction of this new model, Meera Moratti, Chief Technology Officer of OpenAI, said: “The special thing about GPT-4o is that GPT-4 level intelligence has been made available to everyone, including our free users. This is the first time we’ve taken a big step forward in ease of use.
During the unveiling of the model, OpenAI demonstrated the GPT-4o, which translates live between English and Italian, with its intuitive ability to help a researcher solve a linear equation on paper in an instant, just by listening to The breaths of an OpenAI executive give him advice on deep breathing.
The letter “o” in the name of the GPT-4o model stands for the word “Omni”, which is a reference to the multifaceted capabilities of this model.
OpenAI said that GPT-4o is trained with text, images, and audio, meaning all input and output is processed by a neural network. This differs from the company’s previous models, including the GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, which allowed users to ask questions just by speaking, but then converted the speech to text. This would cause tone and emotion to be lost and interactions to slow down.
OpenAI will make this new model available for free to everyone, including ChatGPT users, over the next few weeks, and will also initially release a desktop version of ChatGPT for Apple computers (Mac) for users who have purchased a subscription, starting today. They will have access to it. The introduction of the new OpenAI model took place one day before the Google I/O event, which is the company’s annual developer conference.
OpenAI
It should be noted that shortly after OpenAI introduced GPT-4o, Google also presented a version of its artificial intelligence known as Gemini with similar capabilities.
While the GPT-4 model excelled at tasks related to image and text analysis, the GPT-4o model integrates speech processing and expands its range of capabilities.

Natural human-computer interaction

According to OpenAI, the GPT-4o model is a step towards a much more natural human-computer interaction that accepts any combination of text, audio, and image as input and produces any combination of text, audio and image.
This model can respond to voice inputs in less than 232 milliseconds, with an average speed of 320 milliseconds, which is similar to the response time of humans in a conversation.
This model matches the performance of the GPT-4 Turbo model on English text and code with a significant improvement in converting text to non-English languages while being much faster and 50% cheaper via application programming interface (API). The GPT-4o model is especially better in visual and audio understanding compared to existing models.

What exactly does the introduction of this model mean for users?

The GPT-4o model significantly enhances the experience of ChatGPT, OpenAI’s wildly popular AI chatbot. Users can now interact with ChatGPT like a personal assistant, ask it questions and even hang it up wherever they want.
Additionally, as mentioned, OpenAI is introducing a desktop version of ChatGPT along with a revamped user interface.
“We recognize the increasing complexity of these models, but our goal is to make the interaction experience more intuitive and seamless,” Moratti emphasized. We want users to focus on working with GPT instead of being distracted by the UI. Our new model can reason text, audio, and video in real-time. This model is versatile, fun to work with, and a step toward a much more natural form of human-computer interaction, and even human-computer-computer interaction.
The GPT-4o model has also been extensively reviewed by more than 70 experts in areas such as social psychology, bias and fairness, and misinformation to identify risks introduced or enhanced by the newly added methods. OpenAI has used these learnings to develop safety interventions to improve the safety of interacting with GPT-4o. The members of the OpenAI team demonstrated their audio skills during the public presentation of this new model. A researcher named Mark Chen emphasized its ability to gauge emotions and noted its adaptability to user interruptions.
Chen demonstrated the model’s versatility by requesting a bedtime story in a variety of tones, from dramatic to robotic, and even had it read to him. As mentioned, this new model is available for free to all ChatGPT users. Until now, GPT-4 class models were only available to people who paid a monthly subscription.
“This is important to us because we want to make great AI tools available to everyone,” said OpenAI CEO Sam Altman.

Strong market for generative artificial intelligence

OpenAI is leading the way in productive AI alongside Microsoft and Google, as companies across sectors rush to integrate AI-powered chatbots into their services to stay competitive.
For example, Anthropic, a competitor of OpenAI, recently unveiled its first corporate proposal to Apple to provide a free program for iPhones.
“We recognize that GPT-4o audio presentations present new risks,” OpenAI said in a statement. Today we’re publicly releasing text and image inputs and text outputs, and in the coming weeks and months, we’ll be working on the technical infrastructure, post-training usability, and security necessary to release other methods. For example, at startup, audio outputs are limited to a set of predefined sounds and adhere to our existing security policies. We will share more details about the full range of GPT-4o methods in a future system.
OpenAI
According to the report, the generative AI market saw a staggering $29.1 billion in investment across nearly 700 deals in 2023, up more than 260 percent from the previous year. Predictions indicate that the yield of this market will exceed one trillion dollars in the next decade. However, there are concerns about the rapid deployment of untested services by academics and ethicists who are troubled by the technology’s potential to perpetuate prejudice.
Since launching in November 2022, ChatGPT’s chatbot has broken records as the fastest-growing user base in history, with nearly 100 million weekly active users. OpenAI reports that more than 92% of the world’s top 500 companies use it.
At the presentation event last night, Moratti answered some questions from the audience and when he spoke in fluent Italian and the artificial intelligence translated his words into English, the hall was filled with excitement.
There is more. This means the next time you take a selfie, OpenAI’s artificial intelligence can assess your exact emotions. All you have to do is select a selfie and ask ChatGPT to tell you how you feel.
It should be said that OpenAI employees were so happy that ChatGPT asked them why they were so happy!

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Samsung S95B OLED TV review

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Samsung S95B OLED TV
The S95B TV is Samsung’s serious attempt to enter the OLED TV market after a decade of hiatus; But can it take back the OLED throne from LG?

Samsung S95B OLED TV review

What can be placed in a container with a depth of 4 mm? For example, 40 sheets of paper or 5 bank cards; But to think that Samsung has successfully packed a large 4K OLED panel into a depth of less than 4mm that can produce more than 2000 nits of brightness is amazing. Join me as I review the Samsung S95B TV.

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