Environment

Climate changes will continue for 50 thousand years

Published

5 months ago

09/12/2023

pouyan

Climate changes will continue for 50 thousand years. Scientists warn that the climate changes we have made so far will continue to have an impact for the next 50,000 years.

Climate changes will continue for 50 thousand years

According to SA, in February 2000, Paul Crutzen got up to speak at the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program in Mexico, and when he spoke, people noticed his warning. At that time, he was one of the world’s most cited scientists and a Nobel laureate, working on big problems like the ozone layer hole and the effects of a nuclear winter.

So it’s not too surprising that the word he improvised caught on and spread widely. The word was Anthropocene, a proposed new geological period that represents the earth transformed by human influence during the industrial age.

The idea of an entirely new, man-made geological age is a worrying scenario as the backdrop for the current UN climate summit, COP28. The impact of decisions made at these and other similar conferences will be felt not only beyond our own lives and our children’s lives, but perhaps beyond the lives of human society as we know it.

Anthropocene is a proposal for the beginning of a new era. The era is the beginning of the major impact of human activities on the ecosystem and geological structure of our planet. However, so far the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Geological Union have not recognized it as a term as part of geological eras.

However, the use of the term Anthropocene is now commonplace, but it was still a novel proposition when Kratzen first proposed it. In support of his coined term, Kratzen pointed to many symptoms, such as massive deforestation, fungal growth of dams on the world’s major rivers, overfishing, the planet’s nitrogen cycle affected by fertilizer use, and rapid increases in greenhouse gases.

In the case of climate change itself, alarm bells and warnings have definitely sounded. The average global temperature has increased by half a degree since the middle of the 20th century. But it was still the post-Ice Age norm.

However, among many emerging problems, climate seems to be one of the problems of the future. A little more than two decades later, the future has arrived and by 2022, the temperature of the earth will have increased by another half degree. It should be noted that the last 9 years have been the warmest since data recording began, and in 2023, climate records have not only been broken but collapsed.

As of this September, 38 days have seen the average global temperature exceed pre-industrial temperatures by 1.5 degrees Celsius, which is the safe warming limit set by the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in the Paris Agreement. In previous years this was a rare occurrence and before 2000 this milestone was never recorded.

With this jump in temperature came heat waves, wildfires, and unprecedented floods, exacerbated by other human actions.

This increase in temperature has been partly due to the relentless increase in greenhouse gases, as fossil fuels remain the most widely used form of energy by humans. At the time Kratzen spoke in Mexico, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were about 370 parts per million (ppm), up from 280 ppm before industrialization. This number is now about 420 ppm and is rising at a rate of about 2 ppm per year.

In part, the warming is due to cleaner skies over the past few years, both on land and at sea, thanks to new regulations that phase out old power plants and dirty sulfur-rich fuels. So as industrial pollution is eliminated, more energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere and more warming occurs.

Also, our planet’s heat-reflecting mirrors are shrinking as the Arctic and Antarctic glaciers and ice have been melting rapidly over the years.

A sharp rise in atmospheric methane, a much more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, since 2006 appears to stem from the increased rotting of vegetation in tropical wetlands in a warming world.

The latter would bring global warming to levels not seen for about 120,000 years. So with the various factors influencing, more warming is on the horizon over the coming centuries.

A recent study of the effects of this warming on Antarctic ice suggests that policymakers should prepare for several meters of sea-level rise in the coming centuries as a pulse of heat spreads across the oceans to weaken large polar ice caps.

This remains the case even in the most optimistic scenario where carbon dioxide emissions decline rapidly. But greenhouse gas emissions are still rising sharply, and the climate impacts are deepening.

The controls are broken

To see how this affects the geological time scale, we need to look through the lens of the Anthropocene. A balanced planetary system with regular, millennial changes in Earth’s rotation and orbit has perfectly controlled hot and cold patterns for millions of years.

Now, suddenly, this control system has been overwhelmed by the one trillion tons of carbon dioxide that has been injected into the Earth’s atmosphere in less than a century.

Modeling of these effects suggests that this new and suddenly disrupted climate pattern will continue for at least 50,000 years and possibly much longer. This is a large part of the fundamental and irreversible change of our planet, comparable to some of the largest climate change events in Earth’s deep history.

So it remains to be seen whether the UN Climate Summit will make a difference despite the dominance of fossil fuel interests. In any case, achieving and stabilizing net zero carbon emissions is a very important first step.

To restore an optimal climate for humanity and for life to thrive in general, negative emissions are needed to remove carbon from the atmosphere and ocean system, because otherwise, too much is at stake for future generations.

Environment

Climate change slows down the rotation of the earth!

Published

4 weeks ago

29/03/2024

pouyan

Researchers at the University of California, San Diego have written in a new paper that climate change significantly alters the Earth’s rotation and disrupts time.

Climate change slows down the rotation of the earth!

Climate change seems to be disrupting time.

According to the Washington Post, the melting of polar ice caps due to global warming affects the rotation of the Earth and can also affect accurate timekeeping.

The planet is not going to stop, nor is it going to speed up so much that everyone is launched into space, but timing is an exact science in a high-tech society. For this reason, humans were forced to invent the concept of “leap second” more than half a century ago by observing slight changes in the Earth’s rotation.

Climate change has now complicated these calculations. In just a few years it may be necessary to introduce a “negative leap second” into the calendar to bring the planet’s rotation into line with the Universally Coordinated Clock.

University of California, San Diego (UCSD) geophysicist Duncan Agnew said: Global warming actually measurably affects the rotation of the entire Earth. Things are happening that have not happened before.

The main problem with timing

Chronology has traditionally had an astronomical basis. The earth is a kind of clock. In simpler times, the planet made one complete revolution on its axis, and everyone called that a day.

However, technologists are looking for difficult levels of accuracy. Atomic clocks already tell us what time it is. The goal of people who want to do things exactly right is to make sure that atomic time is perfectly aligned with astronomical time. For example, GPS-equipped satellites must know exactly where the earth is below them and exactly what time it is in order to accurately get you from home to your destination.

But the earth does not rotate at a constant speed. Our planet is in a complex gravitational dance with the moon, sun, ocean tides, its atmosphere, and the motion of the solid inner core.

Agnew noted that the Earth’s core is not accessible for close inspection and is a bit like a black box. By drilling into certain areas of the sea floor, geophysicists can understand details about the planet’s interior. Last year, it was reported that scientists had detected changes in the Earth’s rotation that seemed to match the 70-year fluctuations in the core’s rotation.

When scientists try to describe what the Earth is doing at any given moment, they have to account for a lot of tilting and shaking.

Earth is no longer slowing down. In fact, the Earth has sped up quite a bit, and not a single leap second has been added since the end of 2016.

Melting of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets transports the melt water towards the equator. This process increases the equatorial bulge of the planet. Meanwhile, land compressed by ice rises at the poles, making the Earth more spherical. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) physicist Judah Levine, who was not involved in this research, said: These two changes in the shape of the planet have opposite effects on its rotation.

Agnew’s new paper says that although the core makes the planet spin faster, changes in the planet’s shape caused by warming climates slow it down. Without this effect, the overall acceleration of the planet’s rotation might require timers to enter a negative leap second at the end of 2026, Agnew wrote. Due to climate change, this may not be necessary until 2029.

This research was published in “Nature” magazine.

Environment

A device that produces endless energy from soil

Published

3 months ago

18/01/2024

pouyan

A new fuel cell harnesses energy from soil-dwelling microbes to power sensors, harvesting nearly unlimited energy from the soil. In this article we will talk about a device that produces endless energy from soil.

A device that produces endless energy from soil

A team from Northwestern University has demonstrated a new way to generate electricity. They introduced a device the size of a book that sits on top of the soil and collects the force generated by microbes breaking down the soil (as long as there is carbon in the soil).

According to New Atlas, microbial fuel cells, as their name suggests, have been around for over 100 years. They work a bit like a battery, with an anode, cathode, and electrolyte, but instead of taking electricity from a chemical source, they work with bacteria that naturally donate electrons to nearby conductors.

This newly invented fuel cell relies on the ubiquitous natural microbes in the soil to generate energy.

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) or biological fuel cell is a biochemical system that produces electric current by mimicking the activity of bacteria that occurs in nature. A microbial fuel cell is a type of biochemical fuel cell system that generates electric current by diverting electrons produced from the microbial oxidation of reduced compounds (also known as fuel or electron donors) on the anode to oxidizing compounds (known as oxidizing agents or also known as electron acceptor) on the cathode through an external electrical circuit.

Fuel cells can be divided into two general categories “mediated and non-mediated”. The first fuel cells, introduced in the early 20th century, used a mediator, a chemical substance that transfers electrons from the bacteria in the cell to the anode. Non-intermediate fuel cells emerged in the 1970s. In this type of fuel cell, bacteria usually have electrochemically active proteins such as cytochromes on their outer membrane that can transfer electrons directly to the anode.

Northwestern University researchers note the durability of their powerful fuel cell and have shown its ability to withstand various environmental conditions, including dry soil and flood-prone areas.

The issue so far has been to supply them with water and oxygen while they are buried in the soil. Although these devices have existed as a concept for more than a century, their uncertain performance and low power output have hampered efforts to put them into practice, especially in low-power conditions, says Northwestern University graduate student Bill Yen, who led the project. The humidity had stopped.

So the team set out to create several new designs aimed at providing cells with continuous access to oxygen and water and succeeded with a cartridge-shaped design that sits vertically on a horizontal disk.

A disk-shaped carbon-felt anode sits horizontally at the bottom of the device and goes deep into the soil, where it can capture electrons as microbes break down the soil.

Meanwhile, the conductive metal cathode is placed vertically above the anode. So the lower part goes deep enough to access the deep soil moisture, while the upper part is flush with the ground and a fresh air gap runs the entire length of the electrode, and a protective cap on top prevents soil from falling and It becomes waste and cuts off the cathode’s access to oxygen. Part of the cathode is also covered with a water-insulating material so that when water is present, a hydrophobic part of the cathode is still in contact with oxygen for the fuel cell to work.

The researchers used a waterproof material on the surface of the cathode, which allows it to work even during flooding and ensures gradual drying after immersion in water.

“These microbes are everywhere,” says George Wells, lead author of the study. They live in the soil everywhere now and we can use very simple engineered systems to get electricity from them. We’re not going to power entire cities with this energy, but we can capture very small amounts of energy to fuel essential, low-consumption applications.

Also, chemicals left over from batteries can potentially seep into the soil. This new technology is an environmentally friendly alternative that reduces environmental concerns associated with hazardous battery components and is also non-combustible.
The design performed consistently well in tests at varying levels of soil moisture, from completely waterlogged to relatively dry, and produced, on average, about 68 times more energy than its sensors needed to operate. It was also strong enough to survive extreme changes in soil moisture.

As with other sources of long-term electricity generation, such as diamond beta-voltaic batteries made from nuclear waste, the amount of electricity produced here is not enough to start a car or power a smartphone, but rather to power small sensors that can be used for long periods. work for a long time without needing to replace the battery regularly.

In addition, the researchers attached the soil sensor to a small antenna to enable wireless communication. This allowed the fuel cell to transmit data to a nearby station by reflecting existing radio frequency signals.

It is noteworthy that this soil fuel cell has a 120% better performance than similar technology.
Bill Yen says: “If we imagine a future with trillions of devices, we can’t make them all out of lithium, heavy metals, and toxins that are dangerous to the environment.” We need to find alternatives that can provide small amounts of energy to power a decentralized network of devices. In our search for a solution, we turned to soil microbial fuel cells, which use special microbes to break down soil and use that small amount of energy. As long as there is organic carbon in the soil for microbes to break down, our fuel cells can potentially survive.

Therefore, sensors like these can be very useful for farmers looking to monitor various soil elements including moisture, nutrients, pollutants, etc., and to use a technology-based precision agriculture approach. So if you put several of these devices around your farm, they can generate data for you for years, maybe even decades.

It should be mentioned that according to the research team, all the components of this device can be purchased from hardware stores. Therefore, there is no problem in the supply chain or materials for the widespread commercialization of this product.

This research was published in the ACM Journal on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable, and Ubiquitous Technologies.

Environment

What if all the fish in the ocean disappeared?

Published

3 months ago

17/01/2024

pouyan

Earth’s vast oceans cover most of our planet’s surface and are teeming with life, hosting an amazing variety of plants, microbes, worms, corals, crabs and fish, whales, and more. So what if all the fish in the ocean disappeared?

What if all the fish in the ocean disappeared?

The ocean is full of fish so they account for the second largest amount of carbon (the stuff that makes up living things) in the entire animal kingdom. They are right behind the group of insects and crustaceans. So what if all the fish in the ocean disappeared?

Most people only interact with the ocean from a beach or a boat, so it’s difficult to estimate how many fish there are across the oceans, but the oceans are teeming with fish from the surface to their depths, says SA.

These fish exist in different types and sizes. From the tiny sardines, guppies, and blennies you might see in coral reefs to the tuna and whale sharks you find in the open ocean.

These fish play a variety of roles in their ecosystem that support the lives of other creatures around them, and if they were to disappear one day, the ocean would look very different.

This article was written by Corey Evans, a scientist at Rice University who studies fish, their diversity, and all the ways they contribute to ocean environments.

Fish as food

Fishes play an important role in ocean ecosystems as both predators and prey. Thousands of species across ocean and terrestrial ecosystems, including humans, rely on fish for food.

In coral reef ecosystems, small fish are eaten by larger fish and other marine animals. This means that small fish form the base of the food web. They provide energy for larger fish and other organisms.

In the aquatic world, many birds, mammals, and reptiles eat fish and rely on them as an essential source of protein.

Even land plants can benefit from the presence of fish. On the West Coast of the United States, salmon returning to small rivers after spending several years at sea act as a conveyor belt of nutrients.

Salmon not only feed the animals that catch them, such as bears but also provide nutrients to the plants that line the rivers.

Studies have shown that some plants get up to 70% of their nitrogen from salmon that die on or near river banks.

Humans also depend on fish as a food source. Fish and other seafood are an important source of protein for nearly three billion people on Earth. The human population around the world has been eating fish for thousands of years.

Conservation of habitats by fish

Fish do more than just feed. Because fish themselves forage, they can create and maintain important habitats for other organisms. In coral reef ecosystems, herbivorous fish control the growth of algae by continuously feeding on them.

Without the help of these herbivorous fish, the algae would grow rapidly and suffocate the coral, effectively destroying it.

One of the types of herbivorous fish is the parrot fish, which feeds directly on corals. At first, this may seem bad for corals, but parrotfish feeding on them can actually increase the growth rate of a coral colony.

In addition, parrotfish excrement is especially nutritious for corals. Parrotfish poop also forms part of the beautiful white sand beaches you may have enjoyed on family vacations.

Other fish also create habitats for other animals and affect their environment by stirring up the sand as they feed. By moving the sand around, they expose small creatures hidden in the sand that other animals can eat.

Despite the fact that many types of fish are confined to the ocean, their presence can be felt in many habitats. They can directly and indirectly affect the lives of organisms that depend on them for food and shelter.

So if it weren’t for fish, the earth would gradually lose its beautiful white sand beaches, coral reef ecosystems would become overrun with algae, many people would run out of food to eat, and we would lose some of the most fascinating creatures on our beautiful planet.